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Wednesday, December 31, 2008
Networking Questions
1. What is the difference between URL instance and URLConnection instance?
A URL instance represents the location of a resource, and a URLConnection instance represents a link for accessing or communicating with the resource at the location.
2. How do I make a connection to URL?
You obtain a URL instance and then invoke openConnection on it. URLConnection is an abstract class, which means you can't directly create instances of it using a constructor. We have to invoke openConnection method on a URL instance, to get the right kind of connection for your URL. Eg. URL url;
URLConnection connection;
try{ url = new URL("...");
connection = url.openConnection();
}catch (MalFormedURLException e) { }
3. What Is a Socket?
A socket is one end-point of a two-way communication link between two programs running on the network. A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can identify the application that data is destined to be sent. Socket classes are used to represent the connection between a client program and a server program. The java.net package provides two classes--Socket and ServerSocket--which implement the client side of the connection and the server side of the connection, respectively.
4. What information is needed to create a TCP Socket?
The Local System?s IP Address and Port Number. And the Remote System's IPAddress and Port Number.
5. What are the two important TCP Socket classes?
Socket and ServerSocket. ServerSocket is used for normal two-way socket communication. Socket class allows us to read and write through the sockets. getInputStream() and getOutputStream() are the two methods available in Socket class.
6. When MalformedURLException and UnknownHostException throws?
When the specified URL is not connected then the URL throw MalformedURLException and If InetAddress? methods getByName and getLocalHost are unable to resolve the host name they throw an UnknownHostException.
7. What does RMI stand for?
It stands for Remote Method Invocation.
8. What is RMI?
RMI is a set of APIs that allows to build distributed applications. RMI uses interfaces to define remote objects to turn local method invocations into remote method invocations.
A URL instance represents the location of a resource, and a URLConnection instance represents a link for accessing or communicating with the resource at the location.
2. How do I make a connection to URL?
You obtain a URL instance and then invoke openConnection on it. URLConnection is an abstract class, which means you can't directly create instances of it using a constructor. We have to invoke openConnection method on a URL instance, to get the right kind of connection for your URL. Eg. URL url;
URLConnection connection;
try{ url = new URL("...");
connection = url.openConnection();
}catch (MalFormedURLException e) { }
3. What Is a Socket?
A socket is one end-point of a two-way communication link between two programs running on the network. A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP layer can identify the application that data is destined to be sent. Socket classes are used to represent the connection between a client program and a server program. The java.net package provides two classes--Socket and ServerSocket--which implement the client side of the connection and the server side of the connection, respectively.
4. What information is needed to create a TCP Socket?
The Local System?s IP Address and Port Number. And the Remote System's IPAddress and Port Number.
5. What are the two important TCP Socket classes?
Socket and ServerSocket. ServerSocket is used for normal two-way socket communication. Socket class allows us to read and write through the sockets. getInputStream() and getOutputStream() are the two methods available in Socket class.
6. When MalformedURLException and UnknownHostException throws?
When the specified URL is not connected then the URL throw MalformedURLException and If InetAddress? methods getByName and getLocalHost are unable to resolve the host name they throw an UnknownHostException.
7. What does RMI stand for?
It stands for Remote Method Invocation.
8. What is RMI?
RMI is a set of APIs that allows to build distributed applications. RMI uses interfaces to define remote objects to turn local method invocations into remote method invocations.
Data Structure- Frequently Asked Questions
1.) What is Heap data structure?
The binary heap data structures is an array that can be viewed as a complete binary tree. Each node of the binary tree corresponds to an element of the array. The array is completely filled on all levels except possibly lowest.
2.) What are the major data structures used in the following areas : RDBMS, Network data model & Hierarchical data model?
1. RDBMS Array (i.e. Array of structures)
2. Network data model Graph
3. Hierarchical data model Trees.
3.) Why is the isEmpty() member method called?
The isEmpty() member method is called within the dequeue process to determine if there is an item in the queue to be removed i.e. isEmpty() is called to decide whether the queue has at least one element. This method is called by the dequeue() method before returning the front element.
4.) What method is used to place a value onto the top of a stack?
push() method, Push is the direction that data is being added to the stack. push() member method places a value onto the top of a stack.
5.) What is Linked List ?
Linked List is one of the fundamental data structures. It consists of a sequence of? nodes, each containing arbitrary data fields and one or two (”links”) pointing to the next and/or previous nodes. A linked list is a self-referential datatype because it contains a pointer or link to another data of the same type. Linked lists permit insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list in constant time, but do not allow random access.
6.) Difference between calloc and malloc?
malloc: allocate n bytes calloc: allocate m times n bytes initialized to 0
7.) How many parts are there in a declaration statement?
There are two main parts, variable identifier and data type and the third type is optional which is type qualifier like signed/unsigned.
8.) What is the difference bitween NULL AND VOID pointer?
NULL can be value for pointer type variables. VOID is a type identifier which has not size. NULL and void are not same.
Example: void* ptr = NULL;
The binary heap data structures is an array that can be viewed as a complete binary tree. Each node of the binary tree corresponds to an element of the array. The array is completely filled on all levels except possibly lowest.
2.) What are the major data structures used in the following areas : RDBMS, Network data model & Hierarchical data model?
1. RDBMS Array (i.e. Array of structures)
2. Network data model Graph
3. Hierarchical data model Trees.
3.) Why is the isEmpty() member method called?
The isEmpty() member method is called within the dequeue process to determine if there is an item in the queue to be removed i.e. isEmpty() is called to decide whether the queue has at least one element. This method is called by the dequeue() method before returning the front element.
4.) What method is used to place a value onto the top of a stack?
push() method, Push is the direction that data is being added to the stack. push() member method places a value onto the top of a stack.
5.) What is Linked List ?
Linked List is one of the fundamental data structures. It consists of a sequence of? nodes, each containing arbitrary data fields and one or two (”links”) pointing to the next and/or previous nodes. A linked list is a self-referential datatype because it contains a pointer or link to another data of the same type. Linked lists permit insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list in constant time, but do not allow random access.
6.) Difference between calloc and malloc?
malloc: allocate n bytes calloc: allocate m times n bytes initialized to 0
7.) How many parts are there in a declaration statement?
There are two main parts, variable identifier and data type and the third type is optional which is type qualifier like signed/unsigned.
8.) What is the difference bitween NULL AND VOID pointer?
NULL can be value for pointer type variables. VOID is a type identifier which has not size. NULL and void are not same.
Example: void* ptr = NULL;
HOW TO SURVIVE A HEART ATTACK WHEN ALONE
Since many people are alone when they suffer a heart
attack, without help,the person whose heart is beating
improperly and who begins to feel faint, has only
about 10 seconds left before losing consciousness.
However,these victims can help themselves by coughing
repeatedly and very vigorously. A deep breath should
be taken before each cough, and the cough must be deep
and prolonged, as when producing sputum from deep
inside the chest.
A breath and a cough must be repeated about every two
seconds without let-up until help arrives, or until
the heart is felt to be beating normally again.
Deep breaths get oxygen into the lungs and coughing
movements squeeze the heart and keep the blood
circulating. The squeezing pressure on the heart also
helps it regain normal rhythm. In this way, heart
attack victims can get to a hospital. Tell as many
other people as possible about this. It could save
their lives!!
A cardiologist says If everyone who gets this mail
sends it to 10 people, you can bet that we'll save at
least one life.
BE A FRIEND AND PLEASE SEND
THIS ARTICLE TO AS MANY FRIENDS ! AS POSSIBLE ..
Thanks and Regards,
attack, without help,the person whose heart is beating
improperly and who begins to feel faint, has only
about 10 seconds left before losing consciousness.
However,these victims can help themselves by coughing
repeatedly and very vigorously. A deep breath should
be taken before each cough, and the cough must be deep
and prolonged, as when producing sputum from deep
inside the chest.
A breath and a cough must be repeated about every two
seconds without let-up until help arrives, or until
the heart is felt to be beating normally again.
Deep breaths get oxygen into the lungs and coughing
movements squeeze the heart and keep the blood
circulating. The squeezing pressure on the heart also
helps it regain normal rhythm. In this way, heart
attack victims can get to a hospital. Tell as many
other people as possible about this. It could save
their lives!!
A cardiologist says If everyone who gets this mail
sends it to 10 people, you can bet that we'll save at
least one life.
BE A FRIEND AND PLEASE SEND
THIS ARTICLE TO AS MANY FRIENDS ! AS POSSIBLE ..
Thanks and Regards,
Ask Yourself These Questions
What jobs suit me?
Ask yourself what is really important to you and what you are willing to do. Everyone has unique motivations and ambitions. Yours may be different from people you know. Writing your ideas down or having conversations may help you capture your thoughts.
Help making decisions
Try what jobs would suit me?, a tool designed to assist you with the decision-making process. After answering a series of questions, see, which jobs might best, match your preferences. Compare two jobs side-by-side or start by considering an employment sector. Your friends and family may help you identify the key deciding factors for your career planning and may point out strengths that you take for granted. Your university careers service has a wealth of resources to support career research and planning. As well as talking to a careers adviser, you may gain insights from psychometric tests, which focus on aptitude, ability, or personality. Ask which psychometric tests are available or have a look at psychometric tests.
What do different jobs entail?
Learning what people actually do on a day-to-day basis is a crucial step in your job search. Understanding jobs is the best way to ensure you make the right decision for you. It is also essential for writing strong applications, which persuade a company or organization that you are a good fit for the job. Get more details about jobs you are considering at explore types of jobs. Be sure to read the case studies. Alternatively, you may start your job search by looking at all the related jobs in a sector at explore job sectors.
How do I use my degree?
You may want to directly apply your subject-related knowledge and skills to the world of work. Ask your university careers service for the results of previous surveys, which may provide some insight into what people with your degree have gone on to do. Visit what do graduates do? to view national survey results of what students on your course have pursued. Also, find out about options with your degree by looking at options with your subject.
These 10 tips will make sure that your job chances stay on the right track.
You have decided to look for a new job. But, in the haste to land your new job, you need to make sure that you have covered all the bases and approach your job search in a patient and professional manner.
1. Develop a job search plan
The old adage "fail to plan, plan to fail" is as true now as it has ever been. If you know where you want to be and the job you want, it is easier to get there. Therefore, split your job search into short- and long-term goals and identify the actions you need to take in order to reach them.
The more you know about your goals and the more ways you search for your next job, the greater your chances of finding your ideal job.
2. List your achievements
Employers want to know if you have the skills and experience they are looking for because they need to determine "What can this person do for my business?" They want to see evidence of jobs you have done that went above and beyond the basic requirements of your job role.
Look back over the last 12 months and pick out any notable successes or special projects that you were involved in -- this can then be used to show an employer when you are at interview stage. After all, if you have a trumpet to blow then blow it.
3. Revamp your CV
Your CV is designed to do just one thing: to get you an interview. The average recruiter will only spend between 20 to 30 seconds glancing at a CV which means that you need to make an impression quickly and sell yourself.
Writing a winning CV can be a challenge. But, by putting the mileage, in you will have a document that will make potential employers take action and invite you for an interview.
4. Decide the type of company you want to work forYou spend almost 70 per cent of your time at work during the course of a year, so it is important that you work in an environment and culture that you can enjoy and thrive. And, that means targeting organizations that match your goals and career values.
After all, you don't want to find yourself embarking on the same exercise again this time next year because you made a decision in haste.
5. Use the Web
OK, so you are already on the Web but are you really using it to your advantage as a tool to help you get your next job? No? Then post your CV online, create your own personal account on different job boards and keep up to date with developments in your chosen field by reading the online community pages which will also give information about working in different sectors within your industry. Knowledge is power, they say.
6. Network
Talk to friends, call old work colleagues and attend industry trade shows or networking events. Networking may sound daunting but the more events you attend the easier it becomes. And, the higher up the corporate ladder you move the more and more everybody knows everybody else and a referral from one of your contact could help your career.
7. Customise your CV and covering letter
It may seem tempting to simply cut and paste the same CV and covering letter to several employers, but it could cost you in the long run. Tailor your CV to the job you are applying and only include relevant information that will demonstrate how your experience links to the advertised position.
For instance, if you are applying for a marketing role, make sure that your CV has a marketing bias highlighting your experience in this field.
8. Dress to impress
Shakespeare once said: "Apparel oft proclaims the man." Your image is the outer reflection of your inner self allowing people to judge and make assumptions of your personality and attitudes. Dressing successfully (or unsuccessfully) can make or break your interview. Dress for the job you want not the job you already have.
9. Stay positive and avoid neg-heads
Job seeking is never easy and there will be times when you will want to give up and resign yourself to staying in your current job. But don't give up.
Experts estimate that the average job search can last anywhere from two to 10 months. So be patient and have the belief that you will find your dream job just around the corner. As Henry Ford said: "If you think you can or you think you can't, you're probably right."
10. Be good to yourself
Searching for a job is a job in itself and, unless you take a break away from it, you could start to feel exhausted and burnt out. Don't allow it to consume your every waking moment. Allow time to relax with friends, listen to your iPod or go to the gym and participate in activities that you enjoy. Clearing your mind and replenishing your energy will enable you to resume your job search feeling refreshed and rejuvenated.
Ask yourself what is really important to you and what you are willing to do. Everyone has unique motivations and ambitions. Yours may be different from people you know. Writing your ideas down or having conversations may help you capture your thoughts.
Help making decisions
Try what jobs would suit me?, a tool designed to assist you with the decision-making process. After answering a series of questions, see, which jobs might best, match your preferences. Compare two jobs side-by-side or start by considering an employment sector. Your friends and family may help you identify the key deciding factors for your career planning and may point out strengths that you take for granted. Your university careers service has a wealth of resources to support career research and planning. As well as talking to a careers adviser, you may gain insights from psychometric tests, which focus on aptitude, ability, or personality. Ask which psychometric tests are available or have a look at psychometric tests.
What do different jobs entail?
Learning what people actually do on a day-to-day basis is a crucial step in your job search. Understanding jobs is the best way to ensure you make the right decision for you. It is also essential for writing strong applications, which persuade a company or organization that you are a good fit for the job. Get more details about jobs you are considering at explore types of jobs. Be sure to read the case studies. Alternatively, you may start your job search by looking at all the related jobs in a sector at explore job sectors.
How do I use my degree?
You may want to directly apply your subject-related knowledge and skills to the world of work. Ask your university careers service for the results of previous surveys, which may provide some insight into what people with your degree have gone on to do. Visit what do graduates do? to view national survey results of what students on your course have pursued. Also, find out about options with your degree by looking at options with your subject.
These 10 tips will make sure that your job chances stay on the right track.
You have decided to look for a new job. But, in the haste to land your new job, you need to make sure that you have covered all the bases and approach your job search in a patient and professional manner.
1. Develop a job search plan
The old adage "fail to plan, plan to fail" is as true now as it has ever been. If you know where you want to be and the job you want, it is easier to get there. Therefore, split your job search into short- and long-term goals and identify the actions you need to take in order to reach them.
The more you know about your goals and the more ways you search for your next job, the greater your chances of finding your ideal job.
2. List your achievements
Employers want to know if you have the skills and experience they are looking for because they need to determine "What can this person do for my business?" They want to see evidence of jobs you have done that went above and beyond the basic requirements of your job role.
Look back over the last 12 months and pick out any notable successes or special projects that you were involved in -- this can then be used to show an employer when you are at interview stage. After all, if you have a trumpet to blow then blow it.
3. Revamp your CV
Your CV is designed to do just one thing: to get you an interview. The average recruiter will only spend between 20 to 30 seconds glancing at a CV which means that you need to make an impression quickly and sell yourself.
Writing a winning CV can be a challenge. But, by putting the mileage, in you will have a document that will make potential employers take action and invite you for an interview.
4. Decide the type of company you want to work forYou spend almost 70 per cent of your time at work during the course of a year, so it is important that you work in an environment and culture that you can enjoy and thrive. And, that means targeting organizations that match your goals and career values.
After all, you don't want to find yourself embarking on the same exercise again this time next year because you made a decision in haste.
5. Use the Web
OK, so you are already on the Web but are you really using it to your advantage as a tool to help you get your next job? No? Then post your CV online, create your own personal account on different job boards and keep up to date with developments in your chosen field by reading the online community pages which will also give information about working in different sectors within your industry. Knowledge is power, they say.
6. Network
Talk to friends, call old work colleagues and attend industry trade shows or networking events. Networking may sound daunting but the more events you attend the easier it becomes. And, the higher up the corporate ladder you move the more and more everybody knows everybody else and a referral from one of your contact could help your career.
7. Customise your CV and covering letter
It may seem tempting to simply cut and paste the same CV and covering letter to several employers, but it could cost you in the long run. Tailor your CV to the job you are applying and only include relevant information that will demonstrate how your experience links to the advertised position.
For instance, if you are applying for a marketing role, make sure that your CV has a marketing bias highlighting your experience in this field.
8. Dress to impress
Shakespeare once said: "Apparel oft proclaims the man." Your image is the outer reflection of your inner self allowing people to judge and make assumptions of your personality and attitudes. Dressing successfully (or unsuccessfully) can make or break your interview. Dress for the job you want not the job you already have.
9. Stay positive and avoid neg-heads
Job seeking is never easy and there will be times when you will want to give up and resign yourself to staying in your current job. But don't give up.
Experts estimate that the average job search can last anywhere from two to 10 months. So be patient and have the belief that you will find your dream job just around the corner. As Henry Ford said: "If you think you can or you think you can't, you're probably right."
10. Be good to yourself
Searching for a job is a job in itself and, unless you take a break away from it, you could start to feel exhausted and burnt out. Don't allow it to consume your every waking moment. Allow time to relax with friends, listen to your iPod or go to the gym and participate in activities that you enjoy. Clearing your mind and replenishing your energy will enable you to resume your job search feeling refreshed and rejuvenated.
Six Common Interview Mistakes
AVOID SIX COMMON INTERVIEW MISTAKES
Tip # 1: Don't discuss pay too early
As the manager of a software store for 10 years, I can honestly say that questions about pay in the first interview from anyone other than a temporary applicant always bothered me a little. Temp jobs aside, if you are not really out there just for the money, asking this question right out of the gate is going to make any other questions you ask sound conniving and insincere. Unless the subject comes up, don't wade into the issue of the pay in the first interview. You can talk about it after you impress the employer enough for a second interview.
Tip # 2: Talk tech to techies only
Feel free to discuss what you know, but remember: If you are talking to a nontechnical manager or human resources representative, you are not going to impress them with talk about life in the trenches. My previous supervisor was totally unimpressed with anything to do with technology. A sure way to put the man to sleep was to begin any story that had to do with computers.
When I interviewed for a previous position, the department manager actually had a technically savvy person participate in the interview to ask and respond to questions she would not understand. When I saw this tactic being used, I knew it was not a time to try to impress with a lot of techno babble.
Answer questions about your work history briefly and keep the tech comments to a minimum until you know the history of the company and the people involved in the hiring process. If you have questions about the technology in use at the site, keep your questions specific and relevant to the position for which you are applying.
Tip # 3: Keep your philosophy to yourself
If you hate Bill Gates, Windows XP, and the whole Office Suite, keep it to yourself. Ranting about your tech philosophy can ruin your chances at the position.
I once interviewed a young man for a retail sales position in a software store. When I asked about his opinion of the then-new Windows 98, the applicant ranted about "the revolution of UNIX" and loosening the grip of Microsoft on the PC market. I am not exaggerating; the man sounded like he was ready to sign on to a paramilitary group. I almost didn't have the heart to tell him my company was a Value Added Reseller for Microsoft.
Chances are, you will work with many people who need your help with one of the Microsoft products, so you don't want to blast the tools you will likely be using and supporting. If you are asked about how you feel about a product, be honest, but don't preach. The interviewer probably just wants to see how you respond to such questions.
Tip # 4: Don't climb the advancement ladder in the interview
If you are joining the ranks of a new company, the last thing the interviewer wants to hear is, "How fast can I get out of this job?" Do not ask about opportunities for advancement until the second or third interview. If you are joining a company just to advance into another position, silence is golden. Keep it to yourself unless the interviewer asks or unless it is somehow already known that you'll be advancing quickly. Remember that what you say now can come back to haunt you later. You don't want to brag to someone who might be under your wing after a promotion.
Further, you never know what may happen if you actually get the job. Learn to accept and adapt and, above all, be happy you have a job.
Due to downsizing, a former coworker of mine did not move into the network administration position she wanted and was expecting to get. The bitterness fostered by her broken expectations eventually caused her to resign. In the tight job market of the time-similar to the one now-and with her lack of certified qualifications, she ended up seeking work at a local restaurant.
Tip # 5: Avoid the dreaded electronic interruption
Cellular phone and pager etiquette might seem a trivial thing to those that are hooked up, but you can kiss any job opportunity goodbye if you interrupt an interview to take a telephone call, especially if the human resources representative has a low tolerance for personal digital devices. Only if you are exchanging information by invitation should you reveal the fact that you carry a PDA. If you wear it on a belt loop or somewhere that is exposed, lose it, along with any other electrical device hooks and loops, and store them in pocket, purse, or briefcase. If you can't spare the time away from the rest of the world to do an interview, why are you applying for the job?
I have conducted training classes with people who, when asked to turn off their phones and pagers during class, place their devices in silent mode. When giving a lecture to a class or holding a discussion, watching a person being silently buzzed is terribly distracting and also aggravating.
If you think getting rid of electronic communications devices isn't important, just ask any human resources rep who has had a person answer a cellular phone during a job interview. Then ask if the person got the job.
Tip # 6: Remember to say thank you
Beyond thanking your interviewers for their time as you leave, it's vital that you follow up in written form. If the competition for a position is tight, a follow-up thank you note can mean a lot. If the manager is slow to hire, the arrival of a thank-you note can serve as a reminder about the candidate who's awaiting the manager's next move.
Just after you've completed the interview, take note of anything specific you discussed and make a point of referencing it in your thank you letter. Even a nice greeting card is better than nothing.
It may seem like a small detail, but the experts will tell you that this tried-and-true tactic really makes an impact. A coworker of mine, who successfully worked as a job coach, used to keep a stack of generic notes in her desk. When a participant in her program applied for a job somewhere, she would give the person one of these notes to have them drop in the mail on the way home.
Tip # 1: Don't discuss pay too early
As the manager of a software store for 10 years, I can honestly say that questions about pay in the first interview from anyone other than a temporary applicant always bothered me a little. Temp jobs aside, if you are not really out there just for the money, asking this question right out of the gate is going to make any other questions you ask sound conniving and insincere. Unless the subject comes up, don't wade into the issue of the pay in the first interview. You can talk about it after you impress the employer enough for a second interview.
Tip # 2: Talk tech to techies only
Feel free to discuss what you know, but remember: If you are talking to a nontechnical manager or human resources representative, you are not going to impress them with talk about life in the trenches. My previous supervisor was totally unimpressed with anything to do with technology. A sure way to put the man to sleep was to begin any story that had to do with computers.
When I interviewed for a previous position, the department manager actually had a technically savvy person participate in the interview to ask and respond to questions she would not understand. When I saw this tactic being used, I knew it was not a time to try to impress with a lot of techno babble.
Answer questions about your work history briefly and keep the tech comments to a minimum until you know the history of the company and the people involved in the hiring process. If you have questions about the technology in use at the site, keep your questions specific and relevant to the position for which you are applying.
Tip # 3: Keep your philosophy to yourself
If you hate Bill Gates, Windows XP, and the whole Office Suite, keep it to yourself. Ranting about your tech philosophy can ruin your chances at the position.
I once interviewed a young man for a retail sales position in a software store. When I asked about his opinion of the then-new Windows 98, the applicant ranted about "the revolution of UNIX" and loosening the grip of Microsoft on the PC market. I am not exaggerating; the man sounded like he was ready to sign on to a paramilitary group. I almost didn't have the heart to tell him my company was a Value Added Reseller for Microsoft.
Chances are, you will work with many people who need your help with one of the Microsoft products, so you don't want to blast the tools you will likely be using and supporting. If you are asked about how you feel about a product, be honest, but don't preach. The interviewer probably just wants to see how you respond to such questions.
Tip # 4: Don't climb the advancement ladder in the interview
If you are joining the ranks of a new company, the last thing the interviewer wants to hear is, "How fast can I get out of this job?" Do not ask about opportunities for advancement until the second or third interview. If you are joining a company just to advance into another position, silence is golden. Keep it to yourself unless the interviewer asks or unless it is somehow already known that you'll be advancing quickly. Remember that what you say now can come back to haunt you later. You don't want to brag to someone who might be under your wing after a promotion.
Further, you never know what may happen if you actually get the job. Learn to accept and adapt and, above all, be happy you have a job.
Due to downsizing, a former coworker of mine did not move into the network administration position she wanted and was expecting to get. The bitterness fostered by her broken expectations eventually caused her to resign. In the tight job market of the time-similar to the one now-and with her lack of certified qualifications, she ended up seeking work at a local restaurant.
Tip # 5: Avoid the dreaded electronic interruption
Cellular phone and pager etiquette might seem a trivial thing to those that are hooked up, but you can kiss any job opportunity goodbye if you interrupt an interview to take a telephone call, especially if the human resources representative has a low tolerance for personal digital devices. Only if you are exchanging information by invitation should you reveal the fact that you carry a PDA. If you wear it on a belt loop or somewhere that is exposed, lose it, along with any other electrical device hooks and loops, and store them in pocket, purse, or briefcase. If you can't spare the time away from the rest of the world to do an interview, why are you applying for the job?
I have conducted training classes with people who, when asked to turn off their phones and pagers during class, place their devices in silent mode. When giving a lecture to a class or holding a discussion, watching a person being silently buzzed is terribly distracting and also aggravating.
If you think getting rid of electronic communications devices isn't important, just ask any human resources rep who has had a person answer a cellular phone during a job interview. Then ask if the person got the job.
Tip # 6: Remember to say thank you
Beyond thanking your interviewers for their time as you leave, it's vital that you follow up in written form. If the competition for a position is tight, a follow-up thank you note can mean a lot. If the manager is slow to hire, the arrival of a thank-you note can serve as a reminder about the candidate who's awaiting the manager's next move.
Just after you've completed the interview, take note of anything specific you discussed and make a point of referencing it in your thank you letter. Even a nice greeting card is better than nothing.
It may seem like a small detail, but the experts will tell you that this tried-and-true tactic really makes an impact. A coworker of mine, who successfully worked as a job coach, used to keep a stack of generic notes in her desk. When a participant in her program applied for a job somewhere, she would give the person one of these notes to have them drop in the mail on the way home.
How to improve your Presentation Skills?
According to experts in the field of communication training, presentation skills includes not only, aspects relating to non-verbal skills, etiquette and grooming, but also other factors such as listening and speaking.
In order to ensure effective communication and presentation skills one needs to keep the following factors in mind:
In order to ensure effective communication and presentation skills one needs to keep the following factors in mind:
Avoid ambiguity
Accept feedback in order to gain confirmation and rule out confusion
The non-verbal presentation factors are:
Voice: This implies the tone – sarcastic or sincere; warm or cold; rich and expressive; or dull and flat. The other voice aspect is the volume – shouting, barely audible or medium volume.
Speech pattern: slow, hesitant, fast, jerky, abrupt or even-steady pace.
Facial expression: This includes:
The brow/forehead: Wrinkled or smooth
Eyebrows: wrinkled or smooth
Jaw/mouth region: firm or relaxed
Eye contact: Whether the speaker is looking at the listener/audience being addressed.
Gestures: This includes the hand movements such as: hand-wringing, open hand movements, finger pointing, fist thumping, etc.
Postures: This is important, as it shows how interested the speaker or listener is.
Body movement: This includes the movement of the body such as shrugs and shuffles, arms crossed or left lose, strides or standing in one position.
Tips to Improve Your Conversational Skills
1.Choose an article or short story to read with a friend or classmate. Discuss the article together.
2.Choose an article or short story to read with a friend or classmate. Each person should write down five questions about the article and his / her partner.
3.Read a few articles to develop a debate. Hold the debate in class making arguments based on what you have read.
4.Read a short play with a few friends. Continue the conversation by each taking a character from the play and having a discussion about something that happened in the play.
5.Read dialogues. Once you've practiced the written texts, improvise a continued conversation using the same characters as in the dialogue.
6.Read short biographies. Pair up with a friend or classmate and take on the roles of interviewer and famous person.
In order to ensure effective communication and presentation skills one needs to keep the following factors in mind:
In order to ensure effective communication and presentation skills one needs to keep the following factors in mind:
Avoid ambiguity
Accept feedback in order to gain confirmation and rule out confusion
The non-verbal presentation factors are:
Voice: This implies the tone – sarcastic or sincere; warm or cold; rich and expressive; or dull and flat. The other voice aspect is the volume – shouting, barely audible or medium volume.
Speech pattern: slow, hesitant, fast, jerky, abrupt or even-steady pace.
Facial expression: This includes:
The brow/forehead: Wrinkled or smooth
Eyebrows: wrinkled or smooth
Jaw/mouth region: firm or relaxed
Eye contact: Whether the speaker is looking at the listener/audience being addressed.
Gestures: This includes the hand movements such as: hand-wringing, open hand movements, finger pointing, fist thumping, etc.
Postures: This is important, as it shows how interested the speaker or listener is.
Body movement: This includes the movement of the body such as shrugs and shuffles, arms crossed or left lose, strides or standing in one position.
Tips to Improve Your Conversational Skills
1.Choose an article or short story to read with a friend or classmate. Discuss the article together.
2.Choose an article or short story to read with a friend or classmate. Each person should write down five questions about the article and his / her partner.
3.Read a few articles to develop a debate. Hold the debate in class making arguments based on what you have read.
4.Read a short play with a few friends. Continue the conversation by each taking a character from the play and having a discussion about something that happened in the play.
5.Read dialogues. Once you've practiced the written texts, improvise a continued conversation using the same characters as in the dialogue.
6.Read short biographies. Pair up with a friend or classmate and take on the roles of interviewer and famous person.
Java and OOPS
1.) Why JAVA is known as securable language?
There are two reasons behind this. The first one is, as JAVA runs in JVM, which is a virtual machine, and it converts source code to byte code, which is not understandable for humans, so its safe. The second reason is JAVA does not support the Pointer concept, hence we can say that JAVA is a securable language.
2.) What is the necessity of Interface?
As java is a Partially Object Oriented language, and it does not support the multiple inheritance concepts, it creates problem for the developers. To over come this situation JAVA provides Interface concept for multiple inheritance.
3.) What is Abstraction?
An essential element of object-oriented programming is abstraction. Abstraction is the process to hide the complexity. A powerful way to manage abstraction is through the use of hierarchical classifications. This allows programmer to understand the semantics of complex system.
4.) What is Polymorphism?
The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. The concept of polymorphism can be explained as “one interface, multiple methods”.
5.) What is Inheritance?
Inheritance is the process of basing one class on another. In this process, a base class provides methods, properties, and other members to a derived class. The advantage of inheritance is that you can write and maintain code once it is in the base class and reuse it over and over in the derived classes. But the main draw back of Java is it doesn’t support multiple Inheritances; hence to over come this draw back Java provides us the Interface concept.
6.) What is Object Oriented Programming Language ?
The language, which obeys all the basic principles of Object Oriented Programming, which are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism, is generally known as Object Oriented Programming Language. Languages like c++ and java are some well-known Object Oriented Programming Languages.
7.) What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse.
8.) What is Class and Object?
A class defines the abstract characteristics of a thing (object), including the thing’s characteristics, like its attributes or properties and the things it can do .The code for a class should be relatively self-contained. Collectively, the properties and methods defined by a class are called members. Object a particular instance of a class. Object holds the characteristics of the Class. The set of values of the attributes of a particular object is called its state.
9.) Is JAVA a completely Object Oriented Programming Language?
The answer to this question is certainly no. The reason behind this is JAVA does not obey the OOPs concept purely. Certain concepts like Operator over loading and Multiple Inheritance are not supported by JAVA. Hence JAVA is known as Partially Object Oriented Programming Language.
10 Costly Mistakes at Your Communication
Communication in simple terms means transfer of information. Communication becomes a successful process only when the information transferred is received by the receiver in the same sense.
Communication has its own importance in all aspects of life. Communication becomes easy only when the information is shared in simple and plain terms. Many of us make several mistakes in communication. Such mistakes are always unnoticed by us and we never try to rectify those.
Here are the 10 common communication mistakes listed out.
1. Talking fast and rapidly:
This is the most common mistake a person makes while communicating with others. A clear conversation is more clearly understandable. While talking too fast makes the listener impatience and confused.
2. Talking too much:
The proverb “empty vessel makes more noise”, will be the best match for this mistake. Likewise people will evaluate you to be an empty vessel when you talk more. Usage of short verbal conversation is always appreciated and welcomed every where.
3. To follow up basic verbal etiquette:
While conversing with others basic manners and etiquette has to be followed. The conversation will loose its values if it does not have mannered words in them.
4. Negative body language:
Negative body postures and signs make the listener irritant and unease to listen or communicate with. So to make the communication more brilliant negative body languages should be avoided.
5. Mastery over listener:
While having a conversation, avoid dominating your partner or listener. Give him/her the opportunity to share their opinion. Never go for a monologue way of conversation.
6. Interruption:
For a good communication, avoid interrupting in the middle when one person is talking. When a person is talking try to listen and understand and then ask excuse for the interrupting and then tell your suggestions or comments. Otherwise wait for him/her to finish and then share your thoughts.
7. Contradicting talks:
Never bring in contradiction during a conversation, especially when talking with the higher authorities or your own boss. This may cause unnecessary troubles and misunderstanding.
8. Poor contribution:
There are few people who listen and take information from others, but never contribute their suggestions. This is also a big communication mistake, because the communication again turns to monologue patterns.
9. Undesired advices:
There are people who give immediate advices for any problem told by others. So, the listener may again get restless and the communication is finally end. So, even while suggesting advices see that whether it is really required or not.
10. Loose talks:
Avoid talking unnecessary matters. Talk only to the pertained topic. This saves time and energy for both conversing people.
Communication has its own importance in all aspects of life. Communication becomes easy only when the information is shared in simple and plain terms. Many of us make several mistakes in communication. Such mistakes are always unnoticed by us and we never try to rectify those.
Here are the 10 common communication mistakes listed out.
1. Talking fast and rapidly:
This is the most common mistake a person makes while communicating with others. A clear conversation is more clearly understandable. While talking too fast makes the listener impatience and confused.
2. Talking too much:
The proverb “empty vessel makes more noise”, will be the best match for this mistake. Likewise people will evaluate you to be an empty vessel when you talk more. Usage of short verbal conversation is always appreciated and welcomed every where.
3. To follow up basic verbal etiquette:
While conversing with others basic manners and etiquette has to be followed. The conversation will loose its values if it does not have mannered words in them.
4. Negative body language:
Negative body postures and signs make the listener irritant and unease to listen or communicate with. So to make the communication more brilliant negative body languages should be avoided.
5. Mastery over listener:
While having a conversation, avoid dominating your partner or listener. Give him/her the opportunity to share their opinion. Never go for a monologue way of conversation.
6. Interruption:
For a good communication, avoid interrupting in the middle when one person is talking. When a person is talking try to listen and understand and then ask excuse for the interrupting and then tell your suggestions or comments. Otherwise wait for him/her to finish and then share your thoughts.
7. Contradicting talks:
Never bring in contradiction during a conversation, especially when talking with the higher authorities or your own boss. This may cause unnecessary troubles and misunderstanding.
8. Poor contribution:
There are few people who listen and take information from others, but never contribute their suggestions. This is also a big communication mistake, because the communication again turns to monologue patterns.
9. Undesired advices:
There are people who give immediate advices for any problem told by others. So, the listener may again get restless and the communication is finally end. So, even while suggesting advices see that whether it is really required or not.
10. Loose talks:
Avoid talking unnecessary matters. Talk only to the pertained topic. This saves time and energy for both conversing people.
Tips to help you develop excellent oral communication skills
1. Relax: If you think too much about an encounter, you'll likely freeze in the middle of the conversation and appear nervous. Going on a job interview and social gatherings evoke anxiety in many people. One way to overcome this problem is to stop worrying about how others may perceive you. It takes two people to have a meaningful conversation. Offer a smile, and confidently ask simple questions such as, "how are you," "are you having fun."
2. Use Humor: If you have a funny side to your personality, break the ice with a joke. Be tasteful. Everyone may not appreciate your sick sense of humor or crude jokes. You don't have to be the party clown, nor does your joke have to create a bellow of laughter.
3. Don't Monopolize the Conversation: When nervous, some people have the tendency to "shoot off at the mouth." In other words, they ramble uncontrollably. If trying to make a good first impression, don't talk too much. If the person asks you a simple question such as, "where are you from," offer a short 30 second answer. This is not an invitation to disclose you entire past, and talk for ten uninterrupted minutes. The person is probably not interested in where you attended elementary school, or the fact that you've lived in ten different cities.
4. Know When to End the Conversation: Person with poor communication skills dread the "awkward silence." If the conversation starts to die, you could casually change the topic and ask the person a question that's completely off subject; or you could simply say, it's been nice talking with you," and move on.
Bring your own conversation piece
If you're heading off to a party or get-together where you suspect that you won't know a lot of the other guests, it's a good idea to bring something with you that is highly likely to be a good conversation piece. If you're a hat person, choose one that has a great story that goes with it (or make one up on the way) and be prepared to tell people about it when they ask. Or wear an unusual accessory or piece of jewelry that will catch people's attention and compel them to ask you about it. If you're bringing a gift to a party, add an eye-catching flourish to the wrapping, which will stimulate some other creative soul to ask you about your original wrapping technique, or about the nature of the gift. Conversation pieces provide a non-threatening way to start a conversation.
Effectively, you're giving people an excuse to come and talk to you, by making yourself appear approachable and interesting because there's something about you that is an obvious talking point. You don't want to arrive looking bland and exactly like everyone else; you're trying to stimulate discussion, not a reaction of bored disinterest.
2. Use Humor: If you have a funny side to your personality, break the ice with a joke. Be tasteful. Everyone may not appreciate your sick sense of humor or crude jokes. You don't have to be the party clown, nor does your joke have to create a bellow of laughter.
3. Don't Monopolize the Conversation: When nervous, some people have the tendency to "shoot off at the mouth." In other words, they ramble uncontrollably. If trying to make a good first impression, don't talk too much. If the person asks you a simple question such as, "where are you from," offer a short 30 second answer. This is not an invitation to disclose you entire past, and talk for ten uninterrupted minutes. The person is probably not interested in where you attended elementary school, or the fact that you've lived in ten different cities.
4. Know When to End the Conversation: Person with poor communication skills dread the "awkward silence." If the conversation starts to die, you could casually change the topic and ask the person a question that's completely off subject; or you could simply say, it's been nice talking with you," and move on.
Bring your own conversation piece
If you're heading off to a party or get-together where you suspect that you won't know a lot of the other guests, it's a good idea to bring something with you that is highly likely to be a good conversation piece. If you're a hat person, choose one that has a great story that goes with it (or make one up on the way) and be prepared to tell people about it when they ask. Or wear an unusual accessory or piece of jewelry that will catch people's attention and compel them to ask you about it. If you're bringing a gift to a party, add an eye-catching flourish to the wrapping, which will stimulate some other creative soul to ask you about your original wrapping technique, or about the nature of the gift. Conversation pieces provide a non-threatening way to start a conversation.
Effectively, you're giving people an excuse to come and talk to you, by making yourself appear approachable and interesting because there's something about you that is an obvious talking point. You don't want to arrive looking bland and exactly like everyone else; you're trying to stimulate discussion, not a reaction of bored disinterest.
25 Words That Can Hurt Your C.V.'s Chance Of Success
So, you're experienced? Before you advertise this in your C.V., be sure you can prove it.
Often, when job seekers try to sell themselves to potential employers, they load their C.V.s with vague claims that are transparent to recruiting managers, according to Scott Bennett, author of "The Elements of Resume Style" (published by AMACOM). By contrast, the most successful job seekers avoid these vague phrases on their C.V.s in favour of accomplishments.
Instead of making empty claims to demonstrate your work ethic, use brief, specific examples to demonstrate your skills. In other words, show, don't tell.
Bennett offers these examples:
Instead of... "Experience working in fast-paced environment"
Try... "Registered 120+ third-shift accident and emergency patients per night"
Instead of... "Excellent written communication skills"
Try... "Wrote jargon-free User Guide for 11,000 users"
Instead of... "Team player with cross-functional awareness"
Try... "Collaborated with clients, the Accounts Receivable Department and Sales to increase speed of receivables and prevent interruption of service to clients."
Instead of... "Demonstrated success in analysing client needs"
Try... "Created and implemented comprehensive needs assessment mechanism to help forecast demand for services and staffing."
The worst offenders
It’s good to be hard-working and ambitious, right? The recruiting manager won't be convinced if you can't provide solid examples to back up your claims. Bennett suggests being extremely careful before using these nice-sounding but empty words in your C.V.
· Aggressive
· Ambitious
· Competent
· Creative
· Detail-oriented
· Determined
· Efficient
· Experienced
· Flexible
· Goal-oriented
· Hard-working
· Independent
· Innovative
· Knowledgeable
· Logical
· Motivated
· Meticulous
· People person
· Professional
· Reliable
· Resourceful
· Self-motivated
· Successful
· Team player
· Well-organised
Often, when job seekers try to sell themselves to potential employers, they load their C.V.s with vague claims that are transparent to recruiting managers, according to Scott Bennett, author of "The Elements of Resume Style" (published by AMACOM). By contrast, the most successful job seekers avoid these vague phrases on their C.V.s in favour of accomplishments.
Instead of making empty claims to demonstrate your work ethic, use brief, specific examples to demonstrate your skills. In other words, show, don't tell.
Bennett offers these examples:
Instead of... "Experience working in fast-paced environment"
Try... "Registered 120+ third-shift accident and emergency patients per night"
Instead of... "Excellent written communication skills"
Try... "Wrote jargon-free User Guide for 11,000 users"
Instead of... "Team player with cross-functional awareness"
Try... "Collaborated with clients, the Accounts Receivable Department and Sales to increase speed of receivables and prevent interruption of service to clients."
Instead of... "Demonstrated success in analysing client needs"
Try... "Created and implemented comprehensive needs assessment mechanism to help forecast demand for services and staffing."
The worst offenders
It’s good to be hard-working and ambitious, right? The recruiting manager won't be convinced if you can't provide solid examples to back up your claims. Bennett suggests being extremely careful before using these nice-sounding but empty words in your C.V.
· Aggressive
· Ambitious
· Competent
· Creative
· Detail-oriented
· Determined
· Efficient
· Experienced
· Flexible
· Goal-oriented
· Hard-working
· Independent
· Innovative
· Knowledgeable
· Logical
· Motivated
· Meticulous
· People person
· Professional
· Reliable
· Resourceful
· Self-motivated
· Successful
· Team player
· Well-organised
Why Should We Hire You?
This is one of those broad questions that can take you down the wrong road unless you have done some thinking about what to say ahead of time. This question deals with your ability to sell yourself. Think of yourself as the product. Why should the customer buy?
Answers that WON'T WORK -
“Because I need a job.” – This answer is about YOU – “they” want to know what you can do for “them.”
“I am a hard worker.” – This is a really trite answer – almost anyone can say he or she is a hard worker.
“I saw your ad and could do the job. – This answers lacks passion and purpose.
STRONGER ANSWERS that would get the interviewer’s attention –
“Because I have three years experience working with customers in a very similar environment.”
“Because I have what it takes to fill the requirements of this job - solve customer problems using my excellent customer service skills.”
“Because I have the experience and expertise in the area of customer support that is required in this position.”
This is a time to let the customer (the interviewer) know what your product (YOU) can do for them and why they should listen to what you have to offer. The more detail you give the stronger your answer will be. This is not a time to talk about what you want.
It is a time to summarize your accomplishments and relate what makes you unique and therefore a viable fit for this position.
Answers that WON'T WORK -
“Because I need a job.” – This answer is about YOU – “they” want to know what you can do for “them.”
“I am a hard worker.” – This is a really trite answer – almost anyone can say he or she is a hard worker.
“I saw your ad and could do the job. – This answers lacks passion and purpose.
STRONGER ANSWERS that would get the interviewer’s attention –
“Because I have three years experience working with customers in a very similar environment.”
“Because I have what it takes to fill the requirements of this job - solve customer problems using my excellent customer service skills.”
“Because I have the experience and expertise in the area of customer support that is required in this position.”
This is a time to let the customer (the interviewer) know what your product (YOU) can do for them and why they should listen to what you have to offer. The more detail you give the stronger your answer will be. This is not a time to talk about what you want.
It is a time to summarize your accomplishments and relate what makes you unique and therefore a viable fit for this position.
How To Improve Job Search Confidence?
It’s very common for any (Many ) Job seeker to get frustrated moments and feel that how to improve confidence.
Let me ask you one question , what is confidence ?
How to measure that how much confidence any is having?
How to recognize that confidence is required ?
wait ,wait ,
just don’t think that I am going to enter a topic like philosophy and ask you what is Life ?
I just want to say you few feelings about the confidence. I feel every body will have same level of confidence . only the thing is at few times , it used to forget by the human. So it need to get back. But the confidence at the time of job search is not easy to get back , because it is tied up with many elements like money , prestige , surrounding people , etc . But among many , I want to choose the element of money. Because it makes any to independent up to some extent. The primary reason ,many used to said , what for job , is nothing but money. So lets concentrate on earning money. Is it tough to earn money ? No , not that much tough. It may be tough to earn money what extent any thinks to earn. But for basic needs , it’s not that much of tough to earn.
There are many part time jobs , these may not give the position what any dreams , but it gives little money and that gives the confidence. Those jobs may range from part time faculty to part time consultant . Try to get some job , at least for three months . So that some money you will get and few new people you can meet .so that you can able to get new issues and as well as you can develop your communication.
You may raise ask one more question .Will it won’t disturb my main job search ? am I not going to get deviated from the primary goal ? etc … BUT , I want to stress you one issue. If you really focus on your goal no body can change you. If you really feel to get , no body can stop you. I don’t want to give a big lectures about the motivation theories or self motivation techniques. I will say you , to know the world. Read the people. Means , try to understand what you require , then plan for it and get one by one. Don’t think that every thing you can make it in quick time.
I want to say one of the real problems I used to face. I , being an employer , really facing tremendous struggle to choose the right person to fill the position. It’s not that much of easy to fill a vacancy too. Many are not committed , many are not having subject , many are having not having communication , etc . I recommend you to meet as many people as possible for you , who are at good profession. try to get good tips from them. Try to analyze those , share with friends and decide what is your plan. The slowly implement it. if any problems you faced with that , try to revise it and continue it , till you win the job.
Confidence is not any where. It’s with you . You just try to get back that , by analyzing your self. Try to improve the knowledge in all positive issues. Try to read books or people. Stuff your self with knowledge. That gives you all. Don’t worry about communication (if you are lagging in it)/. Try to speak as much as possible , so that you can improve your communication level.
So get back your confidence. Be confident. Don’t leave your confidence after you get JOB, because life is not only for JOB.
All The Best !
Let me ask you one question , what is confidence ?
How to measure that how much confidence any is having?
How to recognize that confidence is required ?
wait ,wait ,
just don’t think that I am going to enter a topic like philosophy and ask you what is Life ?
I just want to say you few feelings about the confidence. I feel every body will have same level of confidence . only the thing is at few times , it used to forget by the human. So it need to get back. But the confidence at the time of job search is not easy to get back , because it is tied up with many elements like money , prestige , surrounding people , etc . But among many , I want to choose the element of money. Because it makes any to independent up to some extent. The primary reason ,many used to said , what for job , is nothing but money. So lets concentrate on earning money. Is it tough to earn money ? No , not that much tough. It may be tough to earn money what extent any thinks to earn. But for basic needs , it’s not that much of tough to earn.
There are many part time jobs , these may not give the position what any dreams , but it gives little money and that gives the confidence. Those jobs may range from part time faculty to part time consultant . Try to get some job , at least for three months . So that some money you will get and few new people you can meet .so that you can able to get new issues and as well as you can develop your communication.
You may raise ask one more question .Will it won’t disturb my main job search ? am I not going to get deviated from the primary goal ? etc … BUT , I want to stress you one issue. If you really focus on your goal no body can change you. If you really feel to get , no body can stop you. I don’t want to give a big lectures about the motivation theories or self motivation techniques. I will say you , to know the world. Read the people. Means , try to understand what you require , then plan for it and get one by one. Don’t think that every thing you can make it in quick time.
I want to say one of the real problems I used to face. I , being an employer , really facing tremendous struggle to choose the right person to fill the position. It’s not that much of easy to fill a vacancy too. Many are not committed , many are not having subject , many are having not having communication , etc . I recommend you to meet as many people as possible for you , who are at good profession. try to get good tips from them. Try to analyze those , share with friends and decide what is your plan. The slowly implement it. if any problems you faced with that , try to revise it and continue it , till you win the job.
Confidence is not any where. It’s with you . You just try to get back that , by analyzing your self. Try to improve the knowledge in all positive issues. Try to read books or people. Stuff your self with knowledge. That gives you all. Don’t worry about communication (if you are lagging in it)/. Try to speak as much as possible , so that you can improve your communication level.
So get back your confidence. Be confident. Don’t leave your confidence after you get JOB, because life is not only for JOB.
All The Best !
All Basic Things About Java Script
1. How to declare the methods in Javascript?
Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects.
Example:
script type=”text/javascript”>var str=”Hello world!”
document.write(str.toUpperCase())
In the above example UpperCase() method is used to print the string in Uppercases.
2. How do I print JavaScript output?
JavaScript programs cannot directly access printers. However, the user can print out everything on the Web page, including the output of JavaScript programs, by using the File | Print menu of the browser. How can I prevent an html page from being printed by a browser? Include a style sheet reference or a style sheet section with a media type of print. Set a rule for BODY with one entry, display:none.
3. Difference between Java Script and Vb Script?
Vb Script : Java Script :
1. Vb script will be run on IE
2. Vb script is developed by ms
3. Vb not case sensitive
1. Javascript runs on any browser
2. Java script by Sunmicrosystems
3. Java is case sensitive
4.How can JavaScript make a Web site easier to use? That is, are there certain JavaScript techniques that make it easier for people to use a Web site?
JavaScript's greatest potential gift to a Web site is that scripts can make the page more immediately interactive, that is, interactive without having to submit every little thing to the server for a server program to re-render the page and send it back to the client.
For example, consider a top-level navigation panel that has, say, six primary image map links into subsections of the Web site. With only a little bit of scripting, each map area can be instructed to pop up a more detailed list of links to the contents within a subsection whenever the user rolls the cursor atop a map area.
With the help of that popup list of links, the user with a scriptable browser can bypass one intermediate menu page.
The user without a scriptable browser (or who has disabled JavaScript) will have to drill down through a more traditional and time-consuming path to the desired content.
Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects.
Example:
script type=”text/javascript”>var str=”Hello world!”
document.write(str.toUpperCase())
In the above example UpperCase() method is used to print the string in Uppercases.
2. How do I print JavaScript output?
JavaScript programs cannot directly access printers. However, the user can print out everything on the Web page, including the output of JavaScript programs, by using the File | Print menu of the browser. How can I prevent an html page from being printed by a browser? Include a style sheet reference or a style sheet section with a media type of print. Set a rule for BODY with one entry, display:none.
3. Difference between Java Script and Vb Script?
Vb Script : Java Script :
1. Vb script will be run on IE
2. Vb script is developed by ms
3. Vb not case sensitive
1. Javascript runs on any browser
2. Java script by Sunmicrosystems
3. Java is case sensitive
4.How can JavaScript make a Web site easier to use? That is, are there certain JavaScript techniques that make it easier for people to use a Web site?
JavaScript's greatest potential gift to a Web site is that scripts can make the page more immediately interactive, that is, interactive without having to submit every little thing to the server for a server program to re-render the page and send it back to the client.
For example, consider a top-level navigation panel that has, say, six primary image map links into subsections of the Web site. With only a little bit of scripting, each map area can be instructed to pop up a more detailed list of links to the contents within a subsection whenever the user rolls the cursor atop a map area.
With the help of that popup list of links, the user with a scriptable browser can bypass one intermediate menu page.
The user without a scriptable browser (or who has disabled JavaScript) will have to drill down through a more traditional and time-consuming path to the desired content.
Operating Systems Interview Questions
* What is MUTEX ?
* What isthe difference between a 'thread' and a 'process'?
* What is INODE?
* Explain the working of Virtual Memory.
* How does Windows NT supports Multitasking?
* Explain the Unix Kernel.
* What is Concurrency? Expain with example Deadlock and Starvation.
* What are your solution strategies for "Dining Philosophers Problem" ?
* Explain Memory Partitioning, Paging, Segmentation.
* Explain Scheduling.
* Operating System Security.
* What is Semaphore?
* Explain the following file systems : NTFS, Macintosh(HPFS), FAT .
* What are the different process states?
* What is Marshalling?
* Define and explain COM?
* What is Marshalling?
* Difference - Loading and Linking ?
* What are the basic functions of an operating system?
* Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions executed by them.
* What are the difference phases of software development? Explain briefly?
* Differentiate between RAM and ROM?
* What is DRAM? In which form does it store data?
* What is cache memory?
* What is hard disk and what is its purpose?
* Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter?
* What are the different tasks of Lexical analysis?
* What are the different functions of Syntax phase, Sheduler?
* What are the main difference between Micro-Controller and Micro- Processor?
* Describe different job scheduling in operating systems.
* What is a Real-Time System ?
* What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems ?
* What is a mission critical system ?
* What is the important aspect of a real-time system ?
* If two processes which shares same system memory and system clock in a distributed system, What is it called?
* What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur?
* What do you mean by deadlock?
* Explain the difference between microkernel and macro kernel.
* Give an example of microkernel.
* When would you choose bottom up methodology?
* When would you choose top down methodology?
* Write a small dc shell script to find number of FF in the design.
* Why paging is used ?
* Which is the best page replacement algorithm and Why? How much time is spent usually in each phases and why?
* Difference between Primary storage and secondary storage?
* What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading?
* Difference between multi threading and multi tasking?
* What is software life cycle?
* Demand paging, page faults, replacement algorithms, thrashing, etc.
* Explain about paged segmentation and segment paging
* While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette?
Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS:
1. When is a system in safe state?
The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting in a deadlock.
2. What is cycle stealing?
We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Either the DMA controller can use the data bus when the CPU does not need it, or it may force the CPU to temporarily suspend operation. The latter technique is called cycle stealing. Note that cycle stealing can be done only at specific break points in an instruction cycle.
3. What is meant by arm-stickiness?
If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one track of a storage disk, then they may monopolize the device by repeated requests to that track. This generally happens with most common device scheduling algorithms (LIFO, SSTF, C-SCAN, etc). High-density multisurface disks are more likely to be affected by this than low density ones.
4. What are the stipulations of C2 level security?
C2 level security provides for:
> Discretionary Access Control
> Identification and Authentication
> Auditing
> Resource reuse
5. What is busy waiting?
The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is called busy-waiting. The CPU is not engaged in any real productive activity during this period, and the process does not progress toward completion.
6. What are short-, long- and medium-term scheduling?
Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process.
Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria.
Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most frequently, and makes the finest-grained decision of which process should execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may lead to interruption of one process by preemption.
Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS:
1. Explain the concept of Reentrancy.
It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple users can share a single copy of a program during the same period. Reentrancy has 2 key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself, and the local data for each user process must be stored separately. Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters. The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack.
Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the procedure.
2. Explain Belady's Anomaly.
Also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process' virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns.
3. What is a binary semaphore? What is its use?
A binary semaphore is one, which takes only 0 and 1 as values. They are used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes.
4. What is thrashing?
It is a phenomenon in virtual memory schemes when the processor spends most of its time swapping pages, rather than executing instructions. This is due to an inordinate number of page faults.
5. List the Coffman's conditions that lead to a deadlock.
Ø Mutual Exclusion: Only one process may use a critical resource at a time.
Ø Hold & Wait: A process may be allocated some resources while waiting for others.
Ø No Pre-emption: No resource can be forcible removed from a process holding it.
Ø Circular Wait: A closed chain of processes exist such that each process holds at least one resource needed by another process in the chain.
6. What are short-, long- and medium-term scheduling?
Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process.
Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria.
Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most frequently, and makes the finest-grained decision of which process should execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may lead to interruption of one process by preemption.
7. What are turnaround time and response time?
Turnaround time is the interval between the submission of a job and its completion. Response time is the interval between submission of a request, and the first response to that request.
8. What are the typical elements of a process image?
Ø User data: Modifiable part of user space. May include program data, user stack area, and programs that may be modified.
Ø User program: The instructions to be executed.
Ø System Stack: Each process has one or more LIFO stacks associated with it. Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls.
Ø Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control processes.
9. What is the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)?
In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is maintained in registers called the TLB that aids in faster lookup. TLB contains those page-table entries that have been most recently used. Normally, each virtual memory reference causes 2 physical memory accesses-- one to fetch appropriate page-table entry, and one to fetch the desired data. Using TLB in-between, this is reduced to just one physical memory access in cases of TLB-hit.
10. What is the resident set and working set of a process?
Resident set is that portion of the process image that is actually in real-memory at a particular instant. Working set is that subset of resident set that is actually needed for execution. (Relate this to the variable-window size method for swapping techniques.)
11. When is a system in safe state?
The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting in a deadlock.
12. What is cycle stealing?
We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Either the DMA controller can use the data bus when the CPU does not need it, or it may force the CPU to temporarily suspend operation. The latter technique is called cycle stealing. Note that cycle stealing can be done only at specific break points in an instruction cycle.
13. What is meant by arm-stickiness?
If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one track of a storage disk, then they may monopolize the device by repeated requests to that track. This generally happens with most common device scheduling algorithms (LIFO, SSTF, C-SCAN, etc). High-density multisurface disks are more likely to be affected by this than low density ones.
14. What are the stipulations of C2 level security?
C2 level security provides for:
Ø Discretionary Access Control
Ø Identification and Authentication
Ø Auditing
Ø Resource reuse
15. What is busy waiting?
The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is called busy-waiting. The CPU is not engaged in any real productive activity during this period, and the process does not progress toward completion.
16. Explain the popular multiprocessor thread-scheduling strategies.
Ø Load Sharing: Processes are not assigned to a particular processor. A global queue of threads is maintained. Each processor, when idle, selects a thread from this queue. Note that load balancing refers to a scheme where work is allocated to processors on a more permanent basis.
Ø Gang Scheduling: A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the same time, on a 1-to-1 basis. Closely related threads / processes may be scheduled this way to reduce synchronization blocking, and minimize process switching. Group scheduling predated this strategy.
Ø Dedicated processor assignment: Provides implicit scheduling defined by assignment of threads to processors. For the duration of program execution, each program is allocated a set of processors equal in number to the number of threads in the program. Processors are chosen from the available pool.
Ø Dynamic scheduling: The number of thread in a program can be altered during the course of execution.
17. When does the condition 'rendezvous' arise?
In message passing, it is the condition in which, both, the sender and receiver are blocked until the message is delivered.
18. What is a trap and trapdoor?
Trapdoor is a secret undocumented entry point into a program used to grant access without normal methods of access authentication. A trap is a software interrupt, usually the result of an error condition.
19. What are local and global page replacements?
Local replacement means that an incoming page is brought in only to the relevant process' address space. Global replacement policy allows any page frame from any process to be replaced. The latter is applicable to variable partitions model only.
20. Define latency, transfer and seek time with respect to disk I/O.
Seek time is the time required to move the disk arm to the required track. Rotational delay or latency is the time it takes for the beginning of the required sector to reach the head. Sum of seek time (if any) and latency is the access time. Time taken to actually transfer a span of data is transfer time.
22. What is time-stamping?
It is a technique proposed by Lamport, used to order events in a distributed system without the use of clocks. This scheme is intended to order events consisting of the transmission of messages. Each system 'i' in the network maintains a counter Ci. Every time a system transmits a message, it increments its counter by 1 and attaches the time-stamp Ti to the message. When a message is received, the receiving system 'j' sets its counter Cj to 1 more than the maximum of its current value and the incoming time-stamp Ti. At each site, the ordering of messages is determined by the following rules: For messages x from site i and y from site j, x precedes y if one of the following conditions holds....(a) if Ti<Tj or (b) if Ti=Tj and i<j.
23. How are the wait/signal operations for monitor different from those for semaphores?
If a process in a monitor signal and no task is waiting on the condition variable, the signal is lost. So this allows easier program design. Whereas in semaphores, every operation affects the value of the semaphore, so the wait and signal operations should be perfectly balanced in the program.
24. In the context of memory management, what are placement and replacement algorithms?
Placement algorithms determine where in available real-memory to load a program. Common methods are first-fit, next-fit, best-fit. Replacement algorithms are used when memory is full, and one process (or part of a process) needs to be swapped out to accommodate a new program. The replacement algorithm determines which are the partitions to be swapped out.
25. In loading programs into memory, what is the difference between load-time dynamic linking and run-time dynamic linking?
For load-time dynamic linking: Load module to be loaded is read into memory. Any reference to a target external module causes that module to be loaded and the references are updated to a relative address from the start base address of the application module.
With run-time dynamic loading: Some of the linking is postponed until actual reference during execution. Then the correct module is loaded and linked.
26. What are demand- and pre-paging?
With demand paging, a page is brought into memory only when a location on that page is actually referenced during execution. With pre-paging, pages other than the one demanded by a page fault are brought in. The selection of such pages is done based on common access patterns, especially for secondary memory devices.
27. Paging a memory management function, while multiprogramming a processor management function, are the two interdependent?
Yes.
28. What is page cannibalizing?
Page swapping or page replacements are called page cannibalizing.
29. What has triggered the need for multitasking in PCs?
Increased speed and memory capacity of microprocessors together with the support fir virtual memory and
Growth of client server computing
30. What are the four layers that Windows NT have in order to achieve independence?
Hardware abstraction layer
Kernel
Subsystems
System Services.
31. What is SMP?
To achieve maximum efficiency and reliability a mode of operation known as symmetric multiprocessing is used. In essence, with SMP any process or threads can be assigned to any processor.
32. What are the key object oriented concepts used by Windows NT?
Encapsulation
Object class and instance
33. Is Windows NT a full blown object oriented operating system? Give reasons.
No Windows NT is not so, because its not implemented in object oriented language and the data structures reside within one executive component and are not represented as objects and it does not support object oriented capabilities .
34. What is a drawback of MVT?
It does not have the features like
ability to support multiple processors
virtual storage
source level debugging
35. What is process spawning?
When the OS at the explicit request of another process creates a process, this action is called process spawning.
36. How many jobs can be run concurrently on MVT?
15 jobs
37. List out some reasons for process termination.
Normal completion
Time limit exceeded
Memory unavailable
Bounds violation
Protection error
Arithmetic error
Time overrun
I/O failure
Invalid instruction
Privileged instruction
Data misuse
Operator or OS intervention
Parent termination.
38. What are the reasons for process suspension?
1. swapping
2. interactive user request
3. timing
4. parent process request
39. What is process migration?
It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the state of process from one machine to the target machine
40. What is mutant?
In Windows NT a mutant provides kernel mode or user mode mutual exclusion with the notion of ownership.
41. What is an idle thread?
The special thread a dispatcher will execute when no ready thread is found.
42. What is FtDisk?
It is a fault tolerance disk driver for Windows NT.
43. What are the possible threads a thread can have?
Ø Ready
Ø Standby
Ø Running
Ø Waiting
Ø Transition
Ø Terminated.
44. What are rings in Windows NT?
Windows NT uses protection mechanism called rings provides by the process to implement separation between the user mode and kernel mode.
45. What is Executive in Windows NT?
In Windows NT, executive refers to the operating system code that runs in kernel mode.
46. What are the sub-components of I/O manager in Windows NT?
Ø Network redirector/ Server
Ø Cache manager.
Ø File systems
Ø Network driver
Ø Device driver
47. What are DDks? Name an operating system that includes this feature.
DDks are device driver kits, which are equivalent to SDKs for writing device drivers. Windows NT includes DDks.
48. What level of security does Windows NT meets?
C2 level security.
* What isthe difference between a 'thread' and a 'process'?
* What is INODE?
* Explain the working of Virtual Memory.
* How does Windows NT supports Multitasking?
* Explain the Unix Kernel.
* What is Concurrency? Expain with example Deadlock and Starvation.
* What are your solution strategies for "Dining Philosophers Problem" ?
* Explain Memory Partitioning, Paging, Segmentation.
* Explain Scheduling.
* Operating System Security.
* What is Semaphore?
* Explain the following file systems : NTFS, Macintosh(HPFS), FAT .
* What are the different process states?
* What is Marshalling?
* Define and explain COM?
* What is Marshalling?
* Difference - Loading and Linking ?
* What are the basic functions of an operating system?
* Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions executed by them.
* What are the difference phases of software development? Explain briefly?
* Differentiate between RAM and ROM?
* What is DRAM? In which form does it store data?
* What is cache memory?
* What is hard disk and what is its purpose?
* Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter?
* What are the different tasks of Lexical analysis?
* What are the different functions of Syntax phase, Sheduler?
* What are the main difference between Micro-Controller and Micro- Processor?
* Describe different job scheduling in operating systems.
* What is a Real-Time System ?
* What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems ?
* What is a mission critical system ?
* What is the important aspect of a real-time system ?
* If two processes which shares same system memory and system clock in a distributed system, What is it called?
* What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur?
* What do you mean by deadlock?
* Explain the difference between microkernel and macro kernel.
* Give an example of microkernel.
* When would you choose bottom up methodology?
* When would you choose top down methodology?
* Write a small dc shell script to find number of FF in the design.
* Why paging is used ?
* Which is the best page replacement algorithm and Why? How much time is spent usually in each phases and why?
* Difference between Primary storage and secondary storage?
* What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading?
* Difference between multi threading and multi tasking?
* What is software life cycle?
* Demand paging, page faults, replacement algorithms, thrashing, etc.
* Explain about paged segmentation and segment paging
* While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette?
Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS:
1. When is a system in safe state?
The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting in a deadlock.
2. What is cycle stealing?
We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Either the DMA controller can use the data bus when the CPU does not need it, or it may force the CPU to temporarily suspend operation. The latter technique is called cycle stealing. Note that cycle stealing can be done only at specific break points in an instruction cycle.
3. What is meant by arm-stickiness?
If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one track of a storage disk, then they may monopolize the device by repeated requests to that track. This generally happens with most common device scheduling algorithms (LIFO, SSTF, C-SCAN, etc). High-density multisurface disks are more likely to be affected by this than low density ones.
4. What are the stipulations of C2 level security?
C2 level security provides for:
> Discretionary Access Control
> Identification and Authentication
> Auditing
> Resource reuse
5. What is busy waiting?
The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is called busy-waiting. The CPU is not engaged in any real productive activity during this period, and the process does not progress toward completion.
6. What are short-, long- and medium-term scheduling?
Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process.
Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria.
Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most frequently, and makes the finest-grained decision of which process should execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may lead to interruption of one process by preemption.
Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS:
1. Explain the concept of Reentrancy.
It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple users can share a single copy of a program during the same period. Reentrancy has 2 key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself, and the local data for each user process must be stored separately. Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters. The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack.
Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the procedure.
2. Explain Belady's Anomaly.
Also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process' virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns.
3. What is a binary semaphore? What is its use?
A binary semaphore is one, which takes only 0 and 1 as values. They are used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes.
4. What is thrashing?
It is a phenomenon in virtual memory schemes when the processor spends most of its time swapping pages, rather than executing instructions. This is due to an inordinate number of page faults.
5. List the Coffman's conditions that lead to a deadlock.
Ø Mutual Exclusion: Only one process may use a critical resource at a time.
Ø Hold & Wait: A process may be allocated some resources while waiting for others.
Ø No Pre-emption: No resource can be forcible removed from a process holding it.
Ø Circular Wait: A closed chain of processes exist such that each process holds at least one resource needed by another process in the chain.
6. What are short-, long- and medium-term scheduling?
Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process.
Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria.
Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most frequently, and makes the finest-grained decision of which process should execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may lead to interruption of one process by preemption.
7. What are turnaround time and response time?
Turnaround time is the interval between the submission of a job and its completion. Response time is the interval between submission of a request, and the first response to that request.
8. What are the typical elements of a process image?
Ø User data: Modifiable part of user space. May include program data, user stack area, and programs that may be modified.
Ø User program: The instructions to be executed.
Ø System Stack: Each process has one or more LIFO stacks associated with it. Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls.
Ø Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control processes.
9. What is the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)?
In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is maintained in registers called the TLB that aids in faster lookup. TLB contains those page-table entries that have been most recently used. Normally, each virtual memory reference causes 2 physical memory accesses-- one to fetch appropriate page-table entry, and one to fetch the desired data. Using TLB in-between, this is reduced to just one physical memory access in cases of TLB-hit.
10. What is the resident set and working set of a process?
Resident set is that portion of the process image that is actually in real-memory at a particular instant. Working set is that subset of resident set that is actually needed for execution. (Relate this to the variable-window size method for swapping techniques.)
11. When is a system in safe state?
The set of dispatchable processes is in a safe state if there exists at least one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without resulting in a deadlock.
12. What is cycle stealing?
We encounter cycle stealing in the context of Direct Memory Access (DMA). Either the DMA controller can use the data bus when the CPU does not need it, or it may force the CPU to temporarily suspend operation. The latter technique is called cycle stealing. Note that cycle stealing can be done only at specific break points in an instruction cycle.
13. What is meant by arm-stickiness?
If one or a few processes have a high access rate to data on one track of a storage disk, then they may monopolize the device by repeated requests to that track. This generally happens with most common device scheduling algorithms (LIFO, SSTF, C-SCAN, etc). High-density multisurface disks are more likely to be affected by this than low density ones.
14. What are the stipulations of C2 level security?
C2 level security provides for:
Ø Discretionary Access Control
Ø Identification and Authentication
Ø Auditing
Ø Resource reuse
15. What is busy waiting?
The repeated execution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is called busy-waiting. The CPU is not engaged in any real productive activity during this period, and the process does not progress toward completion.
16. Explain the popular multiprocessor thread-scheduling strategies.
Ø Load Sharing: Processes are not assigned to a particular processor. A global queue of threads is maintained. Each processor, when idle, selects a thread from this queue. Note that load balancing refers to a scheme where work is allocated to processors on a more permanent basis.
Ø Gang Scheduling: A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the same time, on a 1-to-1 basis. Closely related threads / processes may be scheduled this way to reduce synchronization blocking, and minimize process switching. Group scheduling predated this strategy.
Ø Dedicated processor assignment: Provides implicit scheduling defined by assignment of threads to processors. For the duration of program execution, each program is allocated a set of processors equal in number to the number of threads in the program. Processors are chosen from the available pool.
Ø Dynamic scheduling: The number of thread in a program can be altered during the course of execution.
17. When does the condition 'rendezvous' arise?
In message passing, it is the condition in which, both, the sender and receiver are blocked until the message is delivered.
18. What is a trap and trapdoor?
Trapdoor is a secret undocumented entry point into a program used to grant access without normal methods of access authentication. A trap is a software interrupt, usually the result of an error condition.
19. What are local and global page replacements?
Local replacement means that an incoming page is brought in only to the relevant process' address space. Global replacement policy allows any page frame from any process to be replaced. The latter is applicable to variable partitions model only.
20. Define latency, transfer and seek time with respect to disk I/O.
Seek time is the time required to move the disk arm to the required track. Rotational delay or latency is the time it takes for the beginning of the required sector to reach the head. Sum of seek time (if any) and latency is the access time. Time taken to actually transfer a span of data is transfer time.
22. What is time-stamping?
It is a technique proposed by Lamport, used to order events in a distributed system without the use of clocks. This scheme is intended to order events consisting of the transmission of messages. Each system 'i' in the network maintains a counter Ci. Every time a system transmits a message, it increments its counter by 1 and attaches the time-stamp Ti to the message. When a message is received, the receiving system 'j' sets its counter Cj to 1 more than the maximum of its current value and the incoming time-stamp Ti. At each site, the ordering of messages is determined by the following rules: For messages x from site i and y from site j, x precedes y if one of the following conditions holds....(a) if Ti<Tj or (b) if Ti=Tj and i<j.
23. How are the wait/signal operations for monitor different from those for semaphores?
If a process in a monitor signal and no task is waiting on the condition variable, the signal is lost. So this allows easier program design. Whereas in semaphores, every operation affects the value of the semaphore, so the wait and signal operations should be perfectly balanced in the program.
24. In the context of memory management, what are placement and replacement algorithms?
Placement algorithms determine where in available real-memory to load a program. Common methods are first-fit, next-fit, best-fit. Replacement algorithms are used when memory is full, and one process (or part of a process) needs to be swapped out to accommodate a new program. The replacement algorithm determines which are the partitions to be swapped out.
25. In loading programs into memory, what is the difference between load-time dynamic linking and run-time dynamic linking?
For load-time dynamic linking: Load module to be loaded is read into memory. Any reference to a target external module causes that module to be loaded and the references are updated to a relative address from the start base address of the application module.
With run-time dynamic loading: Some of the linking is postponed until actual reference during execution. Then the correct module is loaded and linked.
26. What are demand- and pre-paging?
With demand paging, a page is brought into memory only when a location on that page is actually referenced during execution. With pre-paging, pages other than the one demanded by a page fault are brought in. The selection of such pages is done based on common access patterns, especially for secondary memory devices.
27. Paging a memory management function, while multiprogramming a processor management function, are the two interdependent?
Yes.
28. What is page cannibalizing?
Page swapping or page replacements are called page cannibalizing.
29. What has triggered the need for multitasking in PCs?
Increased speed and memory capacity of microprocessors together with the support fir virtual memory and
Growth of client server computing
30. What are the four layers that Windows NT have in order to achieve independence?
Hardware abstraction layer
Kernel
Subsystems
System Services.
31. What is SMP?
To achieve maximum efficiency and reliability a mode of operation known as symmetric multiprocessing is used. In essence, with SMP any process or threads can be assigned to any processor.
32. What are the key object oriented concepts used by Windows NT?
Encapsulation
Object class and instance
33. Is Windows NT a full blown object oriented operating system? Give reasons.
No Windows NT is not so, because its not implemented in object oriented language and the data structures reside within one executive component and are not represented as objects and it does not support object oriented capabilities .
34. What is a drawback of MVT?
It does not have the features like
ability to support multiple processors
virtual storage
source level debugging
35. What is process spawning?
When the OS at the explicit request of another process creates a process, this action is called process spawning.
36. How many jobs can be run concurrently on MVT?
15 jobs
37. List out some reasons for process termination.
Normal completion
Time limit exceeded
Memory unavailable
Bounds violation
Protection error
Arithmetic error
Time overrun
I/O failure
Invalid instruction
Privileged instruction
Data misuse
Operator or OS intervention
Parent termination.
38. What are the reasons for process suspension?
1. swapping
2. interactive user request
3. timing
4. parent process request
39. What is process migration?
It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the state of process from one machine to the target machine
40. What is mutant?
In Windows NT a mutant provides kernel mode or user mode mutual exclusion with the notion of ownership.
41. What is an idle thread?
The special thread a dispatcher will execute when no ready thread is found.
42. What is FtDisk?
It is a fault tolerance disk driver for Windows NT.
43. What are the possible threads a thread can have?
Ø Ready
Ø Standby
Ø Running
Ø Waiting
Ø Transition
Ø Terminated.
44. What are rings in Windows NT?
Windows NT uses protection mechanism called rings provides by the process to implement separation between the user mode and kernel mode.
45. What is Executive in Windows NT?
In Windows NT, executive refers to the operating system code that runs in kernel mode.
46. What are the sub-components of I/O manager in Windows NT?
Ø Network redirector/ Server
Ø Cache manager.
Ø File systems
Ø Network driver
Ø Device driver
47. What are DDks? Name an operating system that includes this feature.
DDks are device driver kits, which are equivalent to SDKs for writing device drivers. Windows NT includes DDks.
48. What level of security does Windows NT meets?
C2 level security.
Java/J2ME Interview Questions
1.) Difference between Enumeration and Iteration?
Both will help you to travel into collection bag, but Enumeration is a legacy classes, Iterator have introduced in Collection framework. In enumeration we can modify the collection objects but throw Iterator it is possible. Enumeration can be used for Collection objects as well as Iterator can be used for legacy classes. Enumeration acts as Read-only interface, where as using Iterator we can manipulate the objects also like adding and removing the objects. So Enumeration is used whenever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only.
2.) What’s the difference between Transient and Volatile?
Transient: The transient modifier applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its object’s Persistent state. These variables are not serialized. Transient instance fields are neither saved nor restored by the standard serialization. You have to handle restoring them yourself.
Volatile: Volatile modifier tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program. For example a Variable might be read from Cache and not update the content if it has been changed by another thread. Specifying a variable as volatile tells the JVM that any threads using that variable are not allowed to cache that value at all. Making the Variable Volatile will ensure that the compiler will get the content of the variable every time it is used and not cache its content. If not used Carefully this modifier might introduce bugs.
3.) Is JVM platform dependent?
Although java is platform independent but still JVM IS platform dependent one of the feature called byte code makes JVM platform dependent. Byte code is an intermediate machine code of compiled source code. The byte code can run on all machines, however the JVM must be installed in each machine.
4.) What are wrapper classes? Why do we need wrapper classes?
Java provides specialized classes corresponding to each of the primitive data types. These are called wrapper classes. They are Boolean, Byte, Character, Double, Float, Integer, Long, and Short.
We can create instances of these classes hence we can store them in any of the collection classes and pass them around as a collection. Also we can pass them around as method parameters where a method expects an object.
5.) What are Checked and Unchecked Exception?
A checked exception is generally known as Compiletime Exception. Checked exception forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown hence the programmer has to handle these types of exceptions. e.g., IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream’s read( ) method.
Where as Unchecked exceptions are Runtime Exception. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn’t force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. e.g., StringIndexOutOfBounds Exception thrown by String’s charAt () method· Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time but Runtime exceptions do not need to be.
6.) What is deadlock and how it can be avoid?
Deadlock is a situation when two threads are waiting on each other to release a resource. Each thread waiting for a resource, which is held by the other waiting thread. In Java, this resource is usually the object lock obtained by the synchronized keyword.
7.) What is the difference between interface and abstract class?
Difference between interface and abstract:
All the methods declared inside interface should be abstract, and there is no need to use the key word “abstract” for those method, but in case of abstract class at least one method should be abstract, most importantly u have to use the “abstract” key word for that method, besides that it may contain concrete methods. Abstract class must be extended abstract () methods generally contain only declaration part without definition part.
8.) Why are there no global variables in Java?
Global variables are considered bad form for a variety of reasons:
* Adding state variables breaks referential transparency (you no longer can understand a statement or expression on its own: you need to understand it in the context of the settings of the global variables).
* State variables lessen the cohesion of a program: you need to know more to understand how something works. A major point of Object-Oriented programming is to break up global state into more easily understood collections of local state.
* When you add one variable, you limit the use of your program to one instance. What you thought was global, someone else might think of as local: they may want to run two copies of your program at once.
9.) What are the steps in the JDBC connection?
For making a JDBC connection we need to go through the following steps:
Step 1: Register the database driver by using:
Class.forName (\” driver class for that specific database\”);
Step 2 : Create a database connection using:
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection (url, username, password);
Step 3: Create a query using:
Statement stmt = Connection.Statement (\”select * from TABLE NAME\”);
Step 4: Exceute the query:
Stmt.exceuteUpdate ();
10.) What is an enumeration?
An enumeration is an interface which containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure. It is a construct which collection classes return when you request a collection of all the objects stored in the collection. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection.
11.) How Application is differ from Applet?
Applications:
* Applications are Stand Alone and the doesn’t need web-browser.
* Execution of Applications starts with main ().
Applets:
* Needs no explicit installation on local machine. Can be transferred through Internet on to the local machine and may run as part of web-browser.
* Execution Applets starts with init () method and it must run within a GUI, it may be AWT / Swing.
12.) What is CDC?
The Connected Device Configuration (CDC) is a specification for a J2ME configuration. Conceptually, CDC deals with devices with more memory and processing power than CLDC; it is for devices with an always-on network connection and a minimum of 2 MB of memory available for the Java system.
13.) What is the MIDP?
The MIDP defines a set of APIs for mobile devices, such as cell phones and low-end PDAs
14.) What is variable typing in javascript?
It is perfectly legal to assign a number to a variable and then assign a string to the same variable as follows
Example: i = 10;
i = “string”;
15.) What does a well-written java program look like?
A well-written java program exhibits recurring structures that promote abstraction, flexibility, modularity and elegance.
Both will help you to travel into collection bag, but Enumeration is a legacy classes, Iterator have introduced in Collection framework. In enumeration we can modify the collection objects but throw Iterator it is possible. Enumeration can be used for Collection objects as well as Iterator can be used for legacy classes. Enumeration acts as Read-only interface, where as using Iterator we can manipulate the objects also like adding and removing the objects. So Enumeration is used whenever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only.
2.) What’s the difference between Transient and Volatile?
Transient: The transient modifier applies to variables only and it is not stored as part of its object’s Persistent state. These variables are not serialized. Transient instance fields are neither saved nor restored by the standard serialization. You have to handle restoring them yourself.
Volatile: Volatile modifier tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program. For example a Variable might be read from Cache and not update the content if it has been changed by another thread. Specifying a variable as volatile tells the JVM that any threads using that variable are not allowed to cache that value at all. Making the Variable Volatile will ensure that the compiler will get the content of the variable every time it is used and not cache its content. If not used Carefully this modifier might introduce bugs.
3.) Is JVM platform dependent?
Although java is platform independent but still JVM IS platform dependent one of the feature called byte code makes JVM platform dependent. Byte code is an intermediate machine code of compiled source code. The byte code can run on all machines, however the JVM must be installed in each machine.
4.) What are wrapper classes? Why do we need wrapper classes?
Java provides specialized classes corresponding to each of the primitive data types. These are called wrapper classes. They are Boolean, Byte, Character, Double, Float, Integer, Long, and Short.
We can create instances of these classes hence we can store them in any of the collection classes and pass them around as a collection. Also we can pass them around as method parameters where a method expects an object.
5.) What are Checked and Unchecked Exception?
A checked exception is generally known as Compiletime Exception. Checked exception forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown hence the programmer has to handle these types of exceptions. e.g., IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream’s read( ) method.
Where as Unchecked exceptions are Runtime Exception. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn’t force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. e.g., StringIndexOutOfBounds Exception thrown by String’s charAt () method· Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time but Runtime exceptions do not need to be.
6.) What is deadlock and how it can be avoid?
Deadlock is a situation when two threads are waiting on each other to release a resource. Each thread waiting for a resource, which is held by the other waiting thread. In Java, this resource is usually the object lock obtained by the synchronized keyword.
7.) What is the difference between interface and abstract class?
Difference between interface and abstract:
All the methods declared inside interface should be abstract, and there is no need to use the key word “abstract” for those method, but in case of abstract class at least one method should be abstract, most importantly u have to use the “abstract” key word for that method, besides that it may contain concrete methods. Abstract class must be extended abstract () methods generally contain only declaration part without definition part.
8.) Why are there no global variables in Java?
Global variables are considered bad form for a variety of reasons:
* Adding state variables breaks referential transparency (you no longer can understand a statement or expression on its own: you need to understand it in the context of the settings of the global variables).
* State variables lessen the cohesion of a program: you need to know more to understand how something works. A major point of Object-Oriented programming is to break up global state into more easily understood collections of local state.
* When you add one variable, you limit the use of your program to one instance. What you thought was global, someone else might think of as local: they may want to run two copies of your program at once.
9.) What are the steps in the JDBC connection?
For making a JDBC connection we need to go through the following steps:
Step 1: Register the database driver by using:
Class.forName (\” driver class for that specific database\”);
Step 2 : Create a database connection using:
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection (url, username, password);
Step 3: Create a query using:
Statement stmt = Connection.Statement (\”select * from TABLE NAME\”);
Step 4: Exceute the query:
Stmt.exceuteUpdate ();
10.) What is an enumeration?
An enumeration is an interface which containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure. It is a construct which collection classes return when you request a collection of all the objects stored in the collection. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection.
11.) How Application is differ from Applet?
Applications:
* Applications are Stand Alone and the doesn’t need web-browser.
* Execution of Applications starts with main ().
Applets:
* Needs no explicit installation on local machine. Can be transferred through Internet on to the local machine and may run as part of web-browser.
* Execution Applets starts with init () method and it must run within a GUI, it may be AWT / Swing.
12.) What is CDC?
The Connected Device Configuration (CDC) is a specification for a J2ME configuration. Conceptually, CDC deals with devices with more memory and processing power than CLDC; it is for devices with an always-on network connection and a minimum of 2 MB of memory available for the Java system.
13.) What is the MIDP?
The MIDP defines a set of APIs for mobile devices, such as cell phones and low-end PDAs
14.) What is variable typing in javascript?
It is perfectly legal to assign a number to a variable and then assign a string to the same variable as follows
Example: i = 10;
i = “string”;
15.) What does a well-written java program look like?
A well-written java program exhibits recurring structures that promote abstraction, flexibility, modularity and elegance.
Interview Tips
These days, interviews don't come easily. When you get The Call, make the most of your time -- and go for it!
1. Investigate the company's culture, markets, and finances. But resist the temptation to show off what you've researched: "I just read that you're about to embark on a new product line") unless you have a question directly related to your career.
2. Look like you belong. Learn the company's dress code and err on the side of conservatism. When you're seeking a senior position based on industry experience, you'll be expected to know the rules without being told.
3. Take charge of the interview! The most successful interviews feel like friendly conversations. When your interviewer has an agenda (such as the infamous "stress interview") stay relaxed. Think of playing a game.
4. Assume everyone you meet will provide feedback to the decision-maker. Some companies hand out comment forms to receptionists, security guards and potential peers who take you to lunch.
5. Communicate interest and enthusiasm, even if you're not sure you're ready to commit. You'll rarely have all the facts until you're looking at an offer.
6. Bring extra copies of your correspondence from this company as well as your resume, references, writing
samples, portfolio and current business cards. Interviewers lose documents and conversations move in unexpected directions.
7. Create a relaxed, positive attitude by devising a realistic game plan. When your career isn't riding on a single interview, you'll have fun and make a confident, relaxed impression.
8. Write a thank you letter within forty-eight hours. Create a low-key sales letter, emphasizing how your qualifications match the company's needs. Present yourself as a resource, not a supplicant.
9. After you write the letter, forget about the interview. Email or phone only if you've received a competing offer with a deadline.
Occasionally you may make points with follow-up mailings. A sports team public relations applicant sent puzzles, games and press releases -- and she got the job. Use your intuition.
10. Keep notes of what you learned from the process. What worked? What would you do differently?
As soon as you begin your new job, develop a career plan and a safety net before you need one.
1. Investigate the company's culture, markets, and finances. But resist the temptation to show off what you've researched: "I just read that you're about to embark on a new product line") unless you have a question directly related to your career.
2. Look like you belong. Learn the company's dress code and err on the side of conservatism. When you're seeking a senior position based on industry experience, you'll be expected to know the rules without being told.
3. Take charge of the interview! The most successful interviews feel like friendly conversations. When your interviewer has an agenda (such as the infamous "stress interview") stay relaxed. Think of playing a game.
4. Assume everyone you meet will provide feedback to the decision-maker. Some companies hand out comment forms to receptionists, security guards and potential peers who take you to lunch.
5. Communicate interest and enthusiasm, even if you're not sure you're ready to commit. You'll rarely have all the facts until you're looking at an offer.
6. Bring extra copies of your correspondence from this company as well as your resume, references, writing
samples, portfolio and current business cards. Interviewers lose documents and conversations move in unexpected directions.
7. Create a relaxed, positive attitude by devising a realistic game plan. When your career isn't riding on a single interview, you'll have fun and make a confident, relaxed impression.
8. Write a thank you letter within forty-eight hours. Create a low-key sales letter, emphasizing how your qualifications match the company's needs. Present yourself as a resource, not a supplicant.
9. After you write the letter, forget about the interview. Email or phone only if you've received a competing offer with a deadline.
Occasionally you may make points with follow-up mailings. A sports team public relations applicant sent puzzles, games and press releases -- and she got the job. Use your intuition.
10. Keep notes of what you learned from the process. What worked? What would you do differently?
As soon as you begin your new job, develop a career plan and a safety net before you need one.
What mistakes you need to avoid for better English?
You can learn English without any mistakes, How? You should fill your brain with correct sentences and imitate them.
To avoid mistakes you can follow some books dictionary,or you can listen native speaker’s language.If you practice seriously then it is very hard to make a mistake! First, try to be more careful by using the rules of error free speaking. If you still make a lot of mistakes , more than 1 mistake every 3 sentences, try to practice by reading and listening in English. You avoid mistakes if you follow a couple of rules:
Try to use very simple language
Some beginners try to build very complicated sentences with things like the present perfect tense or conditionals. They make horrible mistakes. Don't do this!First use some simple sententences and they try complecated. If you've just started to speak or write in English it would be very difficult to use complecated sentences.More chances are there to make mistakes.You may feel you're talking like a child or that you are not expressing your thoughts, but don't worry about it. Right now, your task is not to express your thoughts freely; your task is to learn the language.
Be slow and careful
In the beginning, you should write very slowly. If you need 2 hours to write an e-mail message with 10 correct sentences, that's okay. That's how long it should take if you're just starting to write. Why should it take so long? Because you should read your sentences many times, looking for mistakes. You should correct your own sentences frequently. You should check if your sentences are correct by using a dictionary and the Web. And you should look for example sentences to imitate. If you are more care ful you can avoid mistakes.
If you're not sure how to say something, don't say it
Some times when you speak, you can't say something correctly, it's almost better not to say it.Otherwise you will make some mistakes. You don't want to teach yourself the wrong way to say it. Instead of that you can try to look for the correct sentence in a dictionary or on the Web. But when speaking, usually you don't have time for that. So it's a good idea to say something else — something that you know is correct. It can even be something on a different subject.
When writing, always look things up
Whenever you're not sure how to use a word, look it up in a good dictionary to find example sentences with it. When you've written something, and you are not sure if it's correct, search for it on the Web . If many pages contain your phrase, then it is probably correct. Dictionaries and web should be your everyday tools, and you should use them even many times in one sentence.If you do so you will get the idea how to use dictionary and web.
Know where you can screw up
Sometimes learners can not realize how different English is from their native language. When speaking, they translate word for word from their native language, and they think their sentences are okay. When reading or listening in English, pay close attention to things like word order, articles, prepositions, and tenses. Compare sentences in English with equivalent sentences in your native language. Notice the differences in words and in word order. This will make you more careful when speaking in the foreign language, because you will realize which parts of your sentences can be wrong and should be double-checked.
Don't worry about fluency
Fluency is easy to achieve by simply talking. If you practice speaking, you will be able to speak faster and faster Through practice you can achieve fluency.You should be very slow and correct ,while you speak,you can easily improve your fluency.But if you are fluent and make a lot of mistakes, it is not so easy to remove your mistakes and become fluent and correct. So you should speak slowly without making any mistakes and gadually you can attain fluency.
Don't speak or write too early
First write, then speak.
Writing is easier than speaking because:
1) you don't need to have good pronunciation,but you need good spelling
2) you can write very slowly and nobody will mind
3) you can use dictionaries, the Web, etc. So, it's a good idea to practice writing first until you can build correct sentences quickly enough for speaking.
Don't speak until you've learned to pronounce English sounds
You need to be able to pronounce all the English vowels and consonants in a clear way before you speak. If you don't, you will get used to bad pronunciation.
Don't say a word if you don't know how to pronounce it
In other words, you need to know the pronunciation of all the words that you use. If you don't, you will be making pronunciation mistakes and teaching yourself bad habits.
Remember that you should first get lots of English sentences into your head, then build your own sentences. Your main activity should be reading and listening to English and you will get more examples to follow before you can build your own sentences. The more sentences your brain absorbs, the more you can express in English. If you don't hear enough correct, natural English sentences, you will not know how to say things in English. So you will be inventing your own language. And you will be making mistakes.
A Student's Guide to Interviewing With Third-Party Recruiters
As you conduct your job search you will find that some employers hire third-party organizations to assist them in identifying and hiring college students. An employer can hire a third-party organization to do on-campus recruiting, represent the company at a job fair, screen job candidates who apply through an Internet web site, or other hiring activities. Many college career centers allow third-party recruiters to work with students through their offices. Some have special policies that apply to how, when, and where third-party recruiters can work with students. Check with your career center for more information.
The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) defines third-party recruiters as "agencies, organizations, or individuals recruiting candidates for temporary, part-time, or full-time employment opportunities other than for their own needs." Categories of third-party recruiters include:
* Employment Agencies: Employment agencies list positions for a number of organizations and receive payment when a referred candidate is hired. The fee for listing a position is paid either by the firm listing the opening or by the candidate who is hired. If the job listing does not include the phrase "fee paid," be sure to ask who pays the fee before signing any papers.
* Search Firms: A search firm contracts with employers to find and screen qualified persons to fill specific positions. The fee is paid by the employer. Search firm representatives will identify the employer they represent.
* Contract Recruiters: Employers hire contract recruiters to represent them in the recruiting and employment function.
* Resume Referral Firms: A resume referral firm collects information on job seekers and forwards it to prospective employers. Data can be contained in resumes or on data forms (either paper or electronic). The employer, job seeker, or both may pay fees. You must give the firm written permission to pass your resume to employers. Your permission should include a statement that expressly states to whom and for what purpose the information can be used.
Questions to Ask
A third-party recruiter may be helpful to you in your job search, but be a wise consumer. Read all materials carefully. Ask questions. Ask your career services office staff for information. Ask a lawyer to read any contracts you are asked to sign. Here are some general questions you may want to ask:
1. How many job openings are there for someone in my field? If you have the opportunity, inquire about the positions being filled or the number of openings related to your field. These are important questions because, in some instances, recruiters may not really have the type or number of openings they advertise. They may be more interested in adding your name to their candidate pool as a means of attracting more employers or clients to their services. Or they may be collecting resumes from students for potential job opportunities. Your school may or may not not allow third-party recruiters to interview students unless they are trying to fill actual job openings.
2. How is this information being used? A third-party recruiter is allowed legally to share your resume with the contract employer for positions that you are actually seeking. The recruiter must tell you, in clear terms, that your materials and information will not be shared outside the organization or used for any purpose other than with the company they represent at the time they interview you. The third-party recruiter cannot sell your information to anyone else. You may choose to authorize the recruiter to share your data elsewhere, but your authorization should be given to the recruiter in writing.
3. Are candidates treated equally and fairly? If you are qualified for the job opportunity, the third-party recruiter must pass your information to employers without regard to your race, color, national origin, religion, age, gender, sexual orientation, or disability.
4. Who pays the fee? Before you agree to anything or sign a contract, ask the recruiter who will pay the fee.
For assistance with these questions or other related topics, contact the career center on your college or university campus.
The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) defines third-party recruiters as "agencies, organizations, or individuals recruiting candidates for temporary, part-time, or full-time employment opportunities other than for their own needs." Categories of third-party recruiters include:
* Employment Agencies: Employment agencies list positions for a number of organizations and receive payment when a referred candidate is hired. The fee for listing a position is paid either by the firm listing the opening or by the candidate who is hired. If the job listing does not include the phrase "fee paid," be sure to ask who pays the fee before signing any papers.
* Search Firms: A search firm contracts with employers to find and screen qualified persons to fill specific positions. The fee is paid by the employer. Search firm representatives will identify the employer they represent.
* Contract Recruiters: Employers hire contract recruiters to represent them in the recruiting and employment function.
* Resume Referral Firms: A resume referral firm collects information on job seekers and forwards it to prospective employers. Data can be contained in resumes or on data forms (either paper or electronic). The employer, job seeker, or both may pay fees. You must give the firm written permission to pass your resume to employers. Your permission should include a statement that expressly states to whom and for what purpose the information can be used.
Questions to Ask
A third-party recruiter may be helpful to you in your job search, but be a wise consumer. Read all materials carefully. Ask questions. Ask your career services office staff for information. Ask a lawyer to read any contracts you are asked to sign. Here are some general questions you may want to ask:
1. How many job openings are there for someone in my field? If you have the opportunity, inquire about the positions being filled or the number of openings related to your field. These are important questions because, in some instances, recruiters may not really have the type or number of openings they advertise. They may be more interested in adding your name to their candidate pool as a means of attracting more employers or clients to their services. Or they may be collecting resumes from students for potential job opportunities. Your school may or may not not allow third-party recruiters to interview students unless they are trying to fill actual job openings.
2. How is this information being used? A third-party recruiter is allowed legally to share your resume with the contract employer for positions that you are actually seeking. The recruiter must tell you, in clear terms, that your materials and information will not be shared outside the organization or used for any purpose other than with the company they represent at the time they interview you. The third-party recruiter cannot sell your information to anyone else. You may choose to authorize the recruiter to share your data elsewhere, but your authorization should be given to the recruiter in writing.
3. Are candidates treated equally and fairly? If you are qualified for the job opportunity, the third-party recruiter must pass your information to employers without regard to your race, color, national origin, religion, age, gender, sexual orientation, or disability.
4. Who pays the fee? Before you agree to anything or sign a contract, ask the recruiter who will pay the fee.
For assistance with these questions or other related topics, contact the career center on your college or university campus.
C / C++ - Frequently Asked Questions
1.) How To Split an Image File In C Launguage?
To split an image file various logics are there.the best logic in such a way that take the size of the file using c file functions and split into the pieces how many required by asking the input.
2.)What is the difference between an ARRAY and a LIST?
Array is collection of homogeneous elements. List is collection of heterogeneous elements. For Array memory allocated is static and continuous. For List memory allocated is dynamic and Random. Array: User need not have to keep in track of next memory allocation. List: User has to keep in Track of next location where memory is allocated.
3.)Define a constructor - what it is and how it might be called?
constructor is a member function of the class, with the name of the function being the same as the class name. It also specifies how the object should be initialized
4.)Define a constructor - what it is and how it might be called?
constructor is a member function of the class, with the name of the function being the same as the class name. It also specifies how the object should be initialized Ways of calling constructor:
1) Implicitly: automatically by complier when an object is created.
2) Calling the constructors explicitly is possible, but it makes the code unverifiable.
5.)You have two pairs: new() and delete() and another pair : alloc() and free(). Explain differences between eg. new() and malloc()?
1.) “new and delete” are preprocessors while “malloc() and free()” are functions. [we dont use brackets will calling new or delete].
2.) no need of allocate the memory while using “new” but in “malloc()” we have to use “sizeof()”.
3.) “new” will initlize the new memory to 0 but “malloc()” gives random value in the new alloted memory location [better to use calloc()].
6.)Explain term POLIMORPHISM?
POLYMORPHISM : A phenomenon which enables an object to react differently to the same function call. in C++ it is attained by using a keyword virtual
7.)What are 2 ways of exporting a function from a DLL?
1.Taking a reference to the function from the DLL instance.
2. Using the DLL ’s Type Library
8.)Describe PRIVATE, PROTECTED and PUBLIC – the differences?
The Difference Between The private Public And Protected member are: public methods/attributes are accessible to all classes. protected are accessible to class and derived classes. private are only for class (not for derived classes)
To split an image file various logics are there.the best logic in such a way that take the size of the file using c file functions and split into the pieces how many required by asking the input.
2.)What is the difference between an ARRAY and a LIST?
Array is collection of homogeneous elements. List is collection of heterogeneous elements. For Array memory allocated is static and continuous. For List memory allocated is dynamic and Random. Array: User need not have to keep in track of next memory allocation. List: User has to keep in Track of next location where memory is allocated.
3.)Define a constructor - what it is and how it might be called?
constructor is a member function of the class, with the name of the function being the same as the class name. It also specifies how the object should be initialized
4.)Define a constructor - what it is and how it might be called?
constructor is a member function of the class, with the name of the function being the same as the class name. It also specifies how the object should be initialized Ways of calling constructor:
1) Implicitly: automatically by complier when an object is created.
2) Calling the constructors explicitly is possible, but it makes the code unverifiable.
5.)You have two pairs: new() and delete() and another pair : alloc() and free(). Explain differences between eg. new() and malloc()?
1.) “new and delete” are preprocessors while “malloc() and free()” are functions. [we dont use brackets will calling new or delete].
2.) no need of allocate the memory while using “new” but in “malloc()” we have to use “sizeof()”.
3.) “new” will initlize the new memory to 0 but “malloc()” gives random value in the new alloted memory location [better to use calloc()].
6.)Explain term POLIMORPHISM?
POLYMORPHISM : A phenomenon which enables an object to react differently to the same function call. in C++ it is attained by using a keyword virtual
7.)What are 2 ways of exporting a function from a DLL?
1.Taking a reference to the function from the DLL instance.
2. Using the DLL ’s Type Library
8.)Describe PRIVATE, PROTECTED and PUBLIC – the differences?
The Difference Between The private Public And Protected member are: public methods/attributes are accessible to all classes. protected are accessible to class and derived classes. private are only for class (not for derived classes)
A-Z of English Communication for Job Seekers
Communication is the successful transmission of information through a common system of symbols, signs, behavior, speech, writing, or signals.
Communication is essentially the transfer of ideas, messages or information from one person to another. It is effective when it gets the desired action or response. Basic communication skills are essential for continued success, whether personal or professional. At the very base one needs to understand the communication process.
Since effective communication is essential for success, you have to make an all-out effort to improve your communication skills. To do so, job seekers and others those who have interest to enhance their communication skills can take the following course.
1. To communicate your response, you have to understand the point being made in the question. To understand, you have to listen carefully. Listening is the key to your understanding.
2. Plan and conceptualize your thoughts before giving a response. This requires your ability quickly and focuses on the core point. You may take a moment’s pause to compose your thoughts before answering, but think before you answer.
3. Sharpen your language skills. Use simple words and short sentences as far as possible. Strictly avoid long sentences, which can confuse and make you lose track of your talking points. Reading articles and books can help a candidate improve his language skill and participate effectively in the communication process.
4. Remove the fear of failure from the mind. Look at the silver lining of the cloud. One failure may be a learning point for success in the next interview. The world is not lost with one failure in an interview, as long as you are open to learning from the experience. So, take it easy.
5. Perceive rightly. Be rational and don’t rush into a judgment without analyzing the message. Try to perceive the message from the point of view of the sender.
6. Make it a habit to put down thoughts on a piece of paper, if you are not comfortable with mental conceptualization. Then, try to verbalize them.
7. Avoid needless communication. It takes away your valuable time and also tends to expose your inconsistency. Answer to the point with relevant information, and do not resort to long elaboration.
8. Be mindful about the body language of the receiver. Quite often, the interviewer’s body language conveys the signal about your effectiveness and correctness of answer. It will also tell you when to stop. If you don’t stop soon, you may be at a disadvantage.
Facilitating Communication
In addition to removal of specific barriers to communication, the following general Guidelines may also facilitate communication.
1. Have a positive attitude about communication. Defensiveness interferes with Communication.
2. Work at improving communication skills. It takes knowledge and work. The communication model and discussion of barriers to communication provide the necessary knowledge. This increased awareness of the potential for improving communication is the first step to better communication.
3. Include communication as a skill to be evaluated along with all the other skills in each person's job description. Help other people improve their communication skills by helping them understand their communication problems.
4. Make communication goal oriented. Relational goals come first and pave the way for other goals. When the sender and receiver have a good relationship, they are much more likely to accomplish their communication goals.
5. Approach communication as a creative process rather than simply part of the chore of working with people. Experiment with communication alternatives. What works with one person may not work well with another person. Vary channels, listening techniques, and feedback techniques.
6. Accept the reality of miscommunication. The best communicators fail to have perfect Communication. They accept miscommunication and work to minimize its negative impacts.
Communication is at the heart of many interpersonal problems faced by farm employers. Understanding the communication process and then working at improvement provide managers a recipe for becoming more effective communicators. Knowing the common barriers to communication is the first step to minimizing their impact. Managers can reflect on how they are doing and make use of the ideas presented in this paper. When taking stock of how well you are doing as a manager, first ask yourself and others how well you are doing as a communicator.
Communication is essentially the transfer of ideas, messages or information from one person to another. It is effective when it gets the desired action or response. Basic communication skills are essential for continued success, whether personal or professional. At the very base one needs to understand the communication process.
Since effective communication is essential for success, you have to make an all-out effort to improve your communication skills. To do so, job seekers and others those who have interest to enhance their communication skills can take the following course.
1. To communicate your response, you have to understand the point being made in the question. To understand, you have to listen carefully. Listening is the key to your understanding.
2. Plan and conceptualize your thoughts before giving a response. This requires your ability quickly and focuses on the core point. You may take a moment’s pause to compose your thoughts before answering, but think before you answer.
3. Sharpen your language skills. Use simple words and short sentences as far as possible. Strictly avoid long sentences, which can confuse and make you lose track of your talking points. Reading articles and books can help a candidate improve his language skill and participate effectively in the communication process.
4. Remove the fear of failure from the mind. Look at the silver lining of the cloud. One failure may be a learning point for success in the next interview. The world is not lost with one failure in an interview, as long as you are open to learning from the experience. So, take it easy.
5. Perceive rightly. Be rational and don’t rush into a judgment without analyzing the message. Try to perceive the message from the point of view of the sender.
6. Make it a habit to put down thoughts on a piece of paper, if you are not comfortable with mental conceptualization. Then, try to verbalize them.
7. Avoid needless communication. It takes away your valuable time and also tends to expose your inconsistency. Answer to the point with relevant information, and do not resort to long elaboration.
8. Be mindful about the body language of the receiver. Quite often, the interviewer’s body language conveys the signal about your effectiveness and correctness of answer. It will also tell you when to stop. If you don’t stop soon, you may be at a disadvantage.
Facilitating Communication
In addition to removal of specific barriers to communication, the following general Guidelines may also facilitate communication.
1. Have a positive attitude about communication. Defensiveness interferes with Communication.
2. Work at improving communication skills. It takes knowledge and work. The communication model and discussion of barriers to communication provide the necessary knowledge. This increased awareness of the potential for improving communication is the first step to better communication.
3. Include communication as a skill to be evaluated along with all the other skills in each person's job description. Help other people improve their communication skills by helping them understand their communication problems.
4. Make communication goal oriented. Relational goals come first and pave the way for other goals. When the sender and receiver have a good relationship, they are much more likely to accomplish their communication goals.
5. Approach communication as a creative process rather than simply part of the chore of working with people. Experiment with communication alternatives. What works with one person may not work well with another person. Vary channels, listening techniques, and feedback techniques.
6. Accept the reality of miscommunication. The best communicators fail to have perfect Communication. They accept miscommunication and work to minimize its negative impacts.
Communication is at the heart of many interpersonal problems faced by farm employers. Understanding the communication process and then working at improvement provide managers a recipe for becoming more effective communicators. Knowing the common barriers to communication is the first step to minimizing their impact. Managers can reflect on how they are doing and make use of the ideas presented in this paper. When taking stock of how well you are doing as a manager, first ask yourself and others how well you are doing as a communicator.
Aptitude Questions and Answers
If 2x-y=4 then 6x-3y=?
(a)15
(b)12
(c)18
(d)10
Ans. (b)
If x=y=2z and xyz=256 then what is the value of x?
(a)12
(b)8
(c)16
(d)6
Ans. (b)
Pipe A can fill in 20 minutes and Pipe B in 30 mins and Pipe C can empty the same in 40 mins. If all of them work together, find the time taken to fill the tank
(a) 17 1/7 mins
(b) 20 mins
(c) 8 mins
(d) none of these
Ans. (a)
Thirty men take 20 days to complete a job working 9 hours a day. How many hour a day should 40 men work to complete the job?
(a) 8 hrs
(b) 7 1/2 hrs
(c) 7 hrs
(d) 9 hrs
Ans. (b)
Find the smallest number in a GP whose sum is 38 and product 1728
(a) 12
(b) 20
(c) 8
(d) none of these
Ans. (c)
A boat travels 20 kms upstream in 6 hrs and 18 kms downstream in 4 hrs. Find the speed of the boat in still water and the speed of the water current?
(a) 1/2 kmph
(b) 7/12 kmph
(c) 5 kmph
(d) none of these
Ans. (b)
A goat is tied to one corner of a square plot of side 12m by a rope 7m long. Find the area it can graze?
(a) 38.5 sq.m
(b) 155 sq.m
(c) 144 sq.m
(d) 19.25 sq.m
Ans. (a)
Mr. Shah decided to walk down the escalator of a tube station. He found that if he walks down 26 steps, he requires 30 seconds to reach the bottom. However, if he steps down 34 stairs he would only require 18 seconds to get to the bottom. If the time is measured from the moment the top step begins to descend to the time he steps off the last step at the bottom, find out the height of the stair way in steps?
Ans.46 steps.
The average age of 10 members of a committee is the same as it was 4 years ago, because an old member has been replaced by a young member. Find how much younger is the new member ?
Ans.40 years.
ABCE is an isosceles trapezoid and ACDE is a rectangle. AB = 10 and EC = 20. What is the length of AE?
Ans. AE = 10.
In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle at A and B respectively and the chord BC is parallel to tangent PA. If AC = 6 cm, and length of the tangent AP is 9 cm, then what is the length of the chord BC?
Ans. BC = 4 cm.
Three cards are drawn at random from an ordinary pack of cards. Find the probability that they will consist of a king, a queen and an ace.
Ans. 64/2210.
A number of cats got together and decided to kill between them 999919 mice. Every cat killed an equal number of mice. Each cat killed more mice than there were cats. How many cats do you think there were ?
Ans. 991.
If Log2 x - 5 Log x + 6 = 0, then what would the value / values of x be?
Ans. x = e2 or e3.
The square of a two digit number is divided by half the number. After 36 is added to the quotient, this sum is then divided by 2. The digits of the resulting number are the same as those in the original number, but they are in reverse order. The ten's place of the original number is equal to twice the difference between its digits. What is the number?
Ans. 46
Can you tender a one rupee note in such a manner that there shall be total 50 coins but none of them would be 2 paise coins.?
Ans. 45 one paisa coins, 2 five paise coins, 2 ten paise coins, and 1 twenty-five paise coins.
(a)15
(b)12
(c)18
(d)10
Ans. (b)
If x=y=2z and xyz=256 then what is the value of x?
(a)12
(b)8
(c)16
(d)6
Ans. (b)
Pipe A can fill in 20 minutes and Pipe B in 30 mins and Pipe C can empty the same in 40 mins. If all of them work together, find the time taken to fill the tank
(a) 17 1/7 mins
(b) 20 mins
(c) 8 mins
(d) none of these
Ans. (a)
Thirty men take 20 days to complete a job working 9 hours a day. How many hour a day should 40 men work to complete the job?
(a) 8 hrs
(b) 7 1/2 hrs
(c) 7 hrs
(d) 9 hrs
Ans. (b)
Find the smallest number in a GP whose sum is 38 and product 1728
(a) 12
(b) 20
(c) 8
(d) none of these
Ans. (c)
A boat travels 20 kms upstream in 6 hrs and 18 kms downstream in 4 hrs. Find the speed of the boat in still water and the speed of the water current?
(a) 1/2 kmph
(b) 7/12 kmph
(c) 5 kmph
(d) none of these
Ans. (b)
A goat is tied to one corner of a square plot of side 12m by a rope 7m long. Find the area it can graze?
(a) 38.5 sq.m
(b) 155 sq.m
(c) 144 sq.m
(d) 19.25 sq.m
Ans. (a)
Mr. Shah decided to walk down the escalator of a tube station. He found that if he walks down 26 steps, he requires 30 seconds to reach the bottom. However, if he steps down 34 stairs he would only require 18 seconds to get to the bottom. If the time is measured from the moment the top step begins to descend to the time he steps off the last step at the bottom, find out the height of the stair way in steps?
Ans.46 steps.
The average age of 10 members of a committee is the same as it was 4 years ago, because an old member has been replaced by a young member. Find how much younger is the new member ?
Ans.40 years.
ABCE is an isosceles trapezoid and ACDE is a rectangle. AB = 10 and EC = 20. What is the length of AE?
Ans. AE = 10.
In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle at A and B respectively and the chord BC is parallel to tangent PA. If AC = 6 cm, and length of the tangent AP is 9 cm, then what is the length of the chord BC?
Ans. BC = 4 cm.
Three cards are drawn at random from an ordinary pack of cards. Find the probability that they will consist of a king, a queen and an ace.
Ans. 64/2210.
A number of cats got together and decided to kill between them 999919 mice. Every cat killed an equal number of mice. Each cat killed more mice than there were cats. How many cats do you think there were ?
Ans. 991.
If Log2 x - 5 Log x + 6 = 0, then what would the value / values of x be?
Ans. x = e2 or e3.
The square of a two digit number is divided by half the number. After 36 is added to the quotient, this sum is then divided by 2. The digits of the resulting number are the same as those in the original number, but they are in reverse order. The ten's place of the original number is equal to twice the difference between its digits. What is the number?
Ans. 46
Can you tender a one rupee note in such a manner that there shall be total 50 coins but none of them would be 2 paise coins.?
Ans. 45 one paisa coins, 2 five paise coins, 2 ten paise coins, and 1 twenty-five paise coins.
20 Job Interview Success Tips
1. Get references and letters of recommendation. Think of three to six professional
associates (i.e., co-workers, former bosses) who you believe will give you a good
recommendation. Then ask their permission to use them as references. If they say yes, get their correct title, work address and work phone number. You could also ask them to take the time to write out a general letter of recommendation for future use.
Days before
2. Research the company. Even before applying, learn all you can about this particular organization and the field. The interviewer will expect you to know something about the work you want to be doing, and about the place where you want to be doing it. It also shows you care -- which does count for something.
3. Identify your key skills and accomplishments. Make a list and be ready to describe
your personal and professional strengths, your transferable skills and your relevant accomplishments. With your research, you have been able to identify qualities that the company values. Come up with a few personal anecdotes that illustrate your possession of those qualities.
4. Practice the interview.Practice makes perfect, and it will give you confidence and
a sense of ease when you're truly in the hot seat at an interview.
5. Check clothing. Make sure your suit is clean, shirt ironed, and shoes polished. Now's your chance to check whether your best outfit needs to go to the cleaners or a seamstress for repairs. If you're going to borrow any clothing from a friend or buy a
new pair of shoes, do it ahead of time so that you can be sure everything fits well.
6. Test drive. If you are unsure of the location of the interview, drive there. This way you can be sure of the building, the time to get there and any parking difficulties.Day before
7. Call to reconfirm. when you first make an appointment for an interview that you ask the name of the secretary or receptionist. Then when you call back to reconfirm you can refer to them by name.
8. Prepare clothes. "Check head to toe what you're going to be wearing." Also, gather
all the things you'll be bringing to the interview: an extra copy of your resume,
references, a portfolio, a pad of paper, a pen.
9. Watch the weather. "If the weather's going to be bad, be prepared,"
10.Get a good night's sleep. It's a big day -- you'll want to be fresh and alert.
Day of interview
11.Work it off. Exercising earlier in the day if possible, to get your blood flowing
and to release stress.
12.Get to the interview on time. Arrive 10 minutes early even. No excuses.
13.Last-minute check. Take a look in your car mirror or in a bathroom mirror at a
location near interview. Fix your lipstick, pull loose hairs off the shoulder of
your jacket, make sure your shirt is properly tucked in and straighten your tie.
Now smile.
Waiting
14.Look confident and busy. More than likely you'll end up in a waiting room for at
least a few minutes. Don't get sloppy -- you are already on. When the interviewer
walks in, be ready to shake hands. "Remember, purses and briefcases in left hand.
During
15. Pay attention. After all your preparation, the interview will be a snap, Since
you prepared, it won't be nearly as much of a struggle -- but it is vital that
you listen to the interviewer.
16. Relax. If you're nervous "When you sit, keep your palms up” This lowers your
blood pressure and air dries the palms."
Right after
17. Write it down. On a pad of paper in your car, write down your impressions of the
company and the interview, and the names of your potential co-workers . If you're
called for another interview, you can review what was discussed at the first one,
thus preparing even better for the second
Day after
18. Send thank you note. Thank the interviewer(s) for taking the time to meet with you.
This is a polite gesture -- and a subtle reminder to them of you.
Week after
19. Make follow-up call. If you haven't heard from the company and you are still
interested in the job, make a quick call to the person who interviewed you or
the Human Resources department. See if they are closer to making a decision and
when you might expect to hear from them. Go ahead and tell them how excited you
are about the prospect of working there.
Weeks after
20. Be patient. You might hear about the job right away. More likely, the company
will take some time to interview candidates and then review them. If you got
good vibes from the interview or the follow-up call, just be patient.
But don't quit your job search, just because you found what you think will be your
dream job.It might not work out, and waiting before applying somewhere else is
going to drag out your job search. While some companies won't call or write you
when the job is filled -- which is irritating as hell -- others may just be taking
their time.
A job interview that does not result in a job need not be a failure. You can learn from
the experience, improving your presentation and concentration for the next time.
associates (i.e., co-workers, former bosses) who you believe will give you a good
recommendation. Then ask their permission to use them as references. If they say yes, get their correct title, work address and work phone number. You could also ask them to take the time to write out a general letter of recommendation for future use.
Days before
2. Research the company. Even before applying, learn all you can about this particular organization and the field. The interviewer will expect you to know something about the work you want to be doing, and about the place where you want to be doing it. It also shows you care -- which does count for something.
3. Identify your key skills and accomplishments. Make a list and be ready to describe
your personal and professional strengths, your transferable skills and your relevant accomplishments. With your research, you have been able to identify qualities that the company values. Come up with a few personal anecdotes that illustrate your possession of those qualities.
4. Practice the interview.Practice makes perfect, and it will give you confidence and
a sense of ease when you're truly in the hot seat at an interview.
5. Check clothing. Make sure your suit is clean, shirt ironed, and shoes polished. Now's your chance to check whether your best outfit needs to go to the cleaners or a seamstress for repairs. If you're going to borrow any clothing from a friend or buy a
new pair of shoes, do it ahead of time so that you can be sure everything fits well.
6. Test drive. If you are unsure of the location of the interview, drive there. This way you can be sure of the building, the time to get there and any parking difficulties.Day before
7. Call to reconfirm. when you first make an appointment for an interview that you ask the name of the secretary or receptionist. Then when you call back to reconfirm you can refer to them by name.
8. Prepare clothes. "Check head to toe what you're going to be wearing." Also, gather
all the things you'll be bringing to the interview: an extra copy of your resume,
references, a portfolio, a pad of paper, a pen.
9. Watch the weather. "If the weather's going to be bad, be prepared,"
10.Get a good night's sleep. It's a big day -- you'll want to be fresh and alert.
Day of interview
11.Work it off. Exercising earlier in the day if possible, to get your blood flowing
and to release stress.
12.Get to the interview on time. Arrive 10 minutes early even. No excuses.
13.Last-minute check. Take a look in your car mirror or in a bathroom mirror at a
location near interview. Fix your lipstick, pull loose hairs off the shoulder of
your jacket, make sure your shirt is properly tucked in and straighten your tie.
Now smile.
Waiting
14.Look confident and busy. More than likely you'll end up in a waiting room for at
least a few minutes. Don't get sloppy -- you are already on. When the interviewer
walks in, be ready to shake hands. "Remember, purses and briefcases in left hand.
During
15. Pay attention. After all your preparation, the interview will be a snap, Since
you prepared, it won't be nearly as much of a struggle -- but it is vital that
you listen to the interviewer.
16. Relax. If you're nervous "When you sit, keep your palms up” This lowers your
blood pressure and air dries the palms."
Right after
17. Write it down. On a pad of paper in your car, write down your impressions of the
company and the interview, and the names of your potential co-workers . If you're
called for another interview, you can review what was discussed at the first one,
thus preparing even better for the second
Day after
18. Send thank you note. Thank the interviewer(s) for taking the time to meet with you.
This is a polite gesture -- and a subtle reminder to them of you.
Week after
19. Make follow-up call. If you haven't heard from the company and you are still
interested in the job, make a quick call to the person who interviewed you or
the Human Resources department. See if they are closer to making a decision and
when you might expect to hear from them. Go ahead and tell them how excited you
are about the prospect of working there.
Weeks after
20. Be patient. You might hear about the job right away. More likely, the company
will take some time to interview candidates and then review them. If you got
good vibes from the interview or the follow-up call, just be patient.
But don't quit your job search, just because you found what you think will be your
dream job.It might not work out, and waiting before applying somewhere else is
going to drag out your job search. While some companies won't call or write you
when the job is filled -- which is irritating as hell -- others may just be taking
their time.
A job interview that does not result in a job need not be a failure. You can learn from
the experience, improving your presentation and concentration for the next time.
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